The Driving Force of the Collective: The Idea of “Conversation” in Contemporary Economic Theory and in the Post-Austrian Theory of the Democratic Process

2016 ◽  
pp. 203-219
Author(s):  
Guinevere Liberty Nell
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Austrian Theory

Realignment and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Societal Changes

Affluent democracies have experienced tremendous socio-economic changes since the mid- twentieth century, which has reshaped public opinion, party programs, and electoral choices. This chapter first summarizes the societal changes that have been a driving force behind the political changes described in this study. One pattern involves the longstanding economic issues of contemporary democracies, and shifting social positions on these issues. In addition, an evolving cultural cleavage and its ties to broader attitudes toward social change have altered citizen policy preferences. In most affluent democracies, the parties’ responses to these changing citizen demands have produced a realignment to represent both economic and cultural positions. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the working of electoral systems and the democratic process more broadly.

The Epistemology of Simulation, Computation, and Dynamics in Economics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vela Velupillai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Applied Economics ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
Development Of Economic Theory

In this chapter the spirit of William Petty is the driving force, but it is given new theoret- ical foundations, mainly as a result of developments in the mathematic underpinnings of the tremendous developments in the potentials of computing, especially using digital technology. Computation and simulation have always played a role in economics, whether it be pure economic theory or any variant of applied economics. This tradition can be traced to the vision of Petty, the founding father of political economy as political arithmetic. A running theme is that, increasingly, the development of economic theory seems to go hand in hand with advances in the theory and practice of computing, which is, in turn, a catalyst for the move away from overreliance on any kind of mathematics for the formalization of economic entities that is inconsistent with the mathematical, philosophical, and epistemological foundations of the digital computer.

scholarly journals The Menger-Mises Theory of the Origin of Money--Conjecture or Economic Law?

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Austrian Theory ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
Conjectural History ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Regression Theorem

In recent years some economists have begun to doubt the scientific standing of the standard Austrian theory of the origin of money. They seem to think that it is only one possible solution to the problem of accounting for money’s value. Of these economists, Gary North (North 2012b) has presented the most cogent counter-interpretation to how we should understand the theory of the origin of money as elaborated by Carl Menger and Ludwig von Mises. Unlike the rest of economic theory, the origin of money and Mises’s regression theorem do not partake of the character of a scientific law deduced from the basic principles of the science, but is rather, and is presented as such in the writings of Menger and Mises, what North terms “conjectural history.” In this essay we will respond to North’s challenge and to the economists who agree with him.

An Essay on the Philosophy and Psychodynamics of Income Distribution

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Control Distribution ◽  
Present Essay

This essay considers certain fundamental aspects of the philosophy and psychodynamics of distribution and how they have entered economic theory. It treats, first, considerations of distribution as a driving force in the economy; second, the forces and considerations which have governed the treatment of distribution in economic theory; and, third, distribution as an artifact in relation to the economic role of government and the use of government to control distribution. The present essay is a sequel to Samuels (1981, 1982, 1983) and Samuels and Kelsey (1991).

scholarly journals Die Evolution der bundesdeutschen Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik: Rückblick und Bestandsaufnahme

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Fier ◽  
Dietmar Harhoff
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract We consider the development of German federal research and technology (R&T) policies since the 1960s and sketch the evolution of today's highly differentiated and complex set of policy instruments. Advances from economic theory and empirical results are reflected in this evolution, but have not necessarily been the driving force. In some instances, innovative policy instruments have been introduced in order to accommodate the state of the art in economic analysis; in other cases, such innovations have preceded a thorough analysis of the respective policy instruments. A major point of concern is the lack of comprehensive evaluation and cost-benefit analyses in R&T policies. In this regard, German policy practice lags behind well-established procedures in other countries.

In situ TEM Studies of agglomeration of sub-nanometer Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Tai D. Nguyen ◽  
Ronald Gronsky ◽  
Jeffrey B. Kortright
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Nanometer period Ru/C multilayers are one of the prime candidates for normal incident reflecting mirrors at wavelengths < 10 nm. Superior performance, which requires uniform layers and smooth interfaces, and high stability of the layered structure under thermal loadings are some of the demands in practical applications. Previous studies however show that the Ru layers in the 2 nm period Ru/C multilayer agglomerate upon moderate annealing, and the layered structure is no longer retained. This agglomeration and crystallization of the Ru layers upon annealing to form almost spherical crystallites is a result of the reduction of surface or interfacial energy from die amorphous high energy non-equilibrium state of the as-prepared sample dirough diffusive arrangements of the atoms. Proposed models for mechanism of thin film agglomeration include one analogous to Rayleigh instability, and grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline films. These models however are not necessarily appropriate to explain for the agglomeration in the sub-nanometer amorphous Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers. The Ru-C phase diagram shows a wide miscible gap, which indicates the preference of phase separation between these two materials and provides an additional driving force for agglomeration. In this paper, we study the evolution of the microstructures and layered structure via in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and attempt to determine the order of occurence of agglomeration and crystallization in the Ru layers by observing the diffraction patterns.

The nucleation of cavities at grain boundaries

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
P. J. Goodhew
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Impurity Concentration ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Cavity Nucleation ◽  
Spherical Bubble

Cavity nucleation and growth at grain and phase boundaries is of concern because it can lead to failure during creep and can lead to embrittlement as a result of radiation damage. Two major types of cavity are usually distinguished: The term bubble is applied to a cavity which contains gas at a pressure which is at least sufficient to support the surface tension (2g/r for a spherical bubble of radius r and surface energy g). The term void is generally applied to any cavity which contains less gas than this, but is not necessarily empty of gas. A void would therefore tend to shrink in the absence of any imposed driving force for growth, whereas a bubble would be stable or would tend to grow. It is widely considered that cavity nucleation always requires the presence of one or more gas atoms. However since it is extremely difficult to prepare experimental materials with a gas impurity concentration lower than their eventual cavity concentration there is little to be gained by debating this point.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document