Multinational Companies and International Trade: The Impact of Intrafirm Shipment on U.S. Foreign Trade 1977-1982

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Steb Hipple
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals THE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE: EVIDENCE FROM GHANA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adubofour Isaac
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The degree of fluctuation of a country’s currency in relation to other currencies is an important factor in determining her foreign trade position. The study employed both theoretical and empirical approaches to examine Ghana’s real exchange rate and the impact on her foreign trade. A time series data, spanning from 1991 to 2019 was analyzed in an attempt to establish the relationship between exchange rate and economic growth. It is argued in the study that exchange rate has impact on a country’s export volumes. A verification on the relationship between labour force and international trade was also conducted. The study was also extended to examining the impact of a country’s access to stable electric power on export volumes. Findings of the study revealed a statistically significant and inverse association existing between exchange rate and international trade. The study also found that, wide electricity coverage has statistically significant and direct effect on foreign trade, resulting from an increased production capacity due to the availability of electric power. The study however found no suggestive evidence to support the claim that, labour force has impact on her foreign trade. A test on granger causality found no causal linkage between the variables. KEYWORDS: Exchange rate, international trade, labour force, exports.

scholarly journals RUSSIA’S IMPACT ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF OTHER EAEU MEMBER STATES WITH RESPECT TO TRADE IN HIGH-TECH GOODS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Falkowski
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Competitiveness ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Hypothetical Situation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this article is to determine the influence of Russia (in terms of their exports to Russia) on the competitiveness of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the international trade of high-tech goods in 2000-2016 in the context of the overall competitiveness of these countries in the international trade in this goods category. To this end, the author’s formula was used, which is a modification of the method of analysis of revealed comparative advantages in foreign trade of a given country developed by B. Balassa, while taking into account a hypothetical situation of total exclusion of exports to a country whose impact on the competitiveness of a given country is under examination. The analysis clearly shows that the influence of Russia (in terms of their exports to Russia) on the international competitiveness of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the area of high-tech goods trade in 2000-2016 was generally positive, although it differed in terms of strength of the impact, with the strongest being the case of Belarus and the weakest being the case of Armenia. However, this did not change the overall uncompetitive position of the analysed EAEU countries in the total international trade of high-tech goods.

scholarly journals An Empirical Sector-Specific Gravity Model for Hungarian International Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2145-2150
Author(s):  
Jana Šimáková ◽  
Daniel Stavárek
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
The Impact

This paper contributes to the economic literature on the impact of exchange rate volatility on Hungary’s foreign trade. Basic gravity model shows that trade volume between a pair of countries is an increasing function of their sizes (GDP) and a decreasing function of the distance between them. Additional factors included in extended model are population, dummy for common border and proxy for exchange rate volatility. The measure of exchange rate volatility is estimated by GARCH model. This paper explores relationship between trade and exchange rate uncertainty using quarterly data over the period 1999:1 – 2014:3. In order to obtain the objective result, we use the panel data regression for 10 sectors of Hungarian international trade based on SITC classification and six major trading partners (Austria, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy and Poland). The significant parameters obtained from panel regression demonstrate that bilateral exchange rate volatility leads to a decrease in Hungary’s foreign trade.

scholarly journals Inter-state trade within the European Union

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Mihailo Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Costs ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
World Production ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
The Impact

Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.

scholarly journals THE EU ACCESSION AND THE IMPACT ON ROMANIA’S FOREIGN TRADE AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Negrea
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Romania’s accession to the EU was a difficult task, but doable. However, the results of this accession are only now taking shape in the form of export orientation and competitiveness. This paper thoroughly analyses the aspects regarding Romania’s foreign trade, based on the classification used by Lall (2000), with the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics on the Combined Nomenclature XXII sections, covering the 1991 – 2012 period. Furthermore, the paper addresses the concept of comparative advantage based on the Lafay indicator of Romania’s foreign trade during 1991 - 2012. The indicator is calculated based on the statistical data offered by the National Institute of Statistics of the combined nomenclature with its XXII sections combined with Lall (2000) classification. The conclusions based on prior results try to assess whether the accession to the EU has had a beneficial or harmful effect on Romania’s international trade and its comparative advantages.

Methodological approaches to determining the impact of barriers on international trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 713-727
Author(s):  
Diana Makayevna Madiyarova ◽  
Maxim Vladimirovich Terletskii
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Today, within the framework of the functioning of foreign trade policy, there are two main opposing models: protectionism and free trade. Recently, the situation is developing towards the dominance of the policy of protectionism over the policy of conducting free trade, since there is a continuous increase in the number of non-tariff measures and the manifestation of trade wars. This situation leads to the need for a policy of trade liberalization. Implementing a foreign trade policy aimed at eliminating trade barriers is not a quick process and requires a thoughtful scientific assessment. To analyze the criticality of the situation of the absence of a free trade policy and to reflect its validity, a very wide methodological toolkit is used to study various kinds of trade barriers, ranging from the calculation of the simplest indicators to the construction of complex econometric models. This study provides a comprehensive review of the main methodological approaches to determining the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers on the international trade activities of countries. In the scientific review work, 4 domestic and 24 foreign sources, formed on the basis of 21 resources, were involved in the search for literature. The results of the review analysis of research papers showed that in the study of tariff and non-tariff barriers, researchers mainly use three econometric models, namely gravity model, partial equilibrium model and general equilibrium model. In addition, the study of non-tariff barriers can be carried out in the context of two other methods besides the econometric one: the implementation of the "price gap" method and the derivation of "incidence indicators".

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability in the context of China`s international trade Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Roman Zvarych ◽  
Wei Linhai
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China’s foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China’s international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China’s international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.

scholarly journals The context of the impact of the COVID-19 contingency in establishments with foreign trade operations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nélida Carmona-García ◽  
Alejandro Ramírez-Barajas ◽  
Ma. Leticia Almanza-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Enterprises

The general objective is to be able to know the impact that has been generated in the establishments with operations in foreign trade derived from the contingency COVID-19. Therefore, the review is done from the perspective of knowing the state of Mexican and Guanajuato companies that have foreign trade as an activity, which sector they belong to, which of them manage foreign trade programs such as IMMEX, and that it is important to highlight their impact as well. On the other hand, important data such as the results of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) are considered, such as the fact that 17% of the economic units in Mexico with international trade transactions are macro companies and concentrate 82% of the value of foreign trade of manufacturing companies, just as foreign trade represents approximately 65% of the GDP and exports about 30% in recent years. Therefore, it is concluded that the pandemic achieved great changes by which, Mexicans instead of taking it as an economic stoppage, quickly took it as an opportunity to create micro-enterprises achieving in this way opportunities, as well; it changed the way countries relate to each other and how governments face the problem on a daily basis, but it can be stated that neither international trade nor foreign trade stops, because they are part of an activity that determines the survival of world economies and without which life today could not be conceived. In this way, it is expected that in the following years; products will be exported to different countries, generating an increase in wealth within Mexico, as has been shown in the last semester of 2020 with the increase of Mexican exports.

International trade: Research of the reasons for the fall

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Nazarov ◽  
S. S. Lazaryan ◽  
I. V. Nikonov ◽  
A. I. Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Basic Commodity ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses the impact of various factors on the growth rate of international trade. Many experts interpreted the cross-border flows of goods decline against the backdrop of a growing global economy as an alarming sign that indicates a slowdown in the processes of globalization. To determine the reasons for the dynamics of international trade, the decompositions of its growth rate were carried out and allowed to single out the effect of the dollar exchange rate, the commodities prices and global value chains on the change in the volume of trade. As a result, it was discovered that the most part of the dynamics of international trade is due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar and prices for basic commodity groups. The negative contribution of trade within global value chains in 2014 was also revealed. During the investigated period (2000—2014), such a picture was observed only in the crisis periods, which may indicate the beginning of structural changes in the world trade.

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