Small, Low-Cost Hydraulic Structures for Conveyance and Distribution Systems – Panel No. 4

1964 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydraulic Structures

scholarly journals Enhancement of Hosting Capacity with Soft Open Points and Distribution System Reconfiguration: Multi-Objective Bilevel Stochastic Optimization

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohamed Diaaeldin ◽  
Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem ◽  
Ahmed El-Rafei ◽  
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz ◽  
Ahmed F. Zobaa
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Bilevel Optimization ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
System Reconfiguration ◽  
Node Distribution ◽  
Distribution System Reconfiguration

Soft open points (SOPs) are power electronic devices that replace the normal open points in active distribution systems. They provide resiliency in terms of transferring electrical power between adjacent feeders and delivering the benefits of meshed networks. In this work, a multi-objective bilevel optimization problem is formulated to maximize the hosting capacity (HC) of a real 59-node distribution system in Egypt and an 83-node distribution system in Taiwan, using distribution system reconfiguration (DSR) and SOP placement. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the load is considered to step on the real benefits of allocating SOPs along with DSR. The obtained results validate the effectiveness of DSR and SOP allocation in maximizing the HC of the studied distribution systems with low cost.

scholarly journals Novel Approach For Minimal Injected Harmonics At Distribution Level – Svc

2011 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
V. Lakshmi Devi ◽  
T. Phanindra
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
The Cost

Electrical distribution system suffers from various problems like reactive power burden, unbalanced loading, voltage regulation and harmonic distortion. Though DSTATCOMS are ideal solutions for such systems, they are not popular because of the cost and complexity of control involved. Phase wise balanced reactive power compensations are required for fast changing loads needing dynamic power factor correcting devices leading to terminal voltage stabilization. Static Var Compensators (SVCs) remain ideal choice for such loads in practice due to low cost and simple control strategy. These SVCs, while correcting power factor, inject harmonics into the lines causing serious concerns about quality of the distribution line supplies at PCC. This paper proposes to minimize the harmonics injected into the distribution systems by the operation of TSC-TCR type SVC used in conjunction with fast changing loads at LV distribution level. Fuzzy logic system and ANN are going to be used solve this nonlinear problem, giving optimum triggering delay angles used to trigger switches in TCR. The scheme with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is attractive and can be used at distribution level where load harmonics are within limits. Verification of the system and by using mat lab / simulink with proper modeling.

scholarly journals Corrosion Behavior of Different Brass Alloys for Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal Choucri ◽  
Federica Zanotto ◽  
Vincenzo Grassi ◽  
Andrea Balbo ◽  
Mohamed Ebn Touhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Small Depth ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Brass Alloys

Some α + β’ brass components of drinking water distribution systems in Morocco underwent early failures and were investigated to assess the nature and extent of the corrosion attacks. They exhibited different corrosion forms, often accompanied by extensive β’ dezincification. In order to offer viable alternatives to these traditional low cost materials, the corrosion behavior of two representative α + β’ brass components was compared to that of brass alloys with nominal compositions CuZn36Pb2As and CuZn21Si3P, marketed as dezincification resistant. CuZn21Si3P is a recently developed eco-friendly brass produced without any arsenic or lead. Electrochemical tests in simulated drinking water showed that after 10 days of immersion CuZn21Si3P exhibited the highest polarization resistance (Rp) values but after longer immersion periods its Rp values became comparable or lower than those of the other alloys. After 150 days, scanning electron microscope coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses evidenced that the highest dezincification resistance was afforded by CuZn36Pb2As (longitudinal section of extruded bar), exhibiting dealloying and subsequent oxidation of β’ only at a small depth. Limited surface dealloying was also found on CuZn21Si3P, which underwent selective silicon and zinc dissolution and negligible inner oxidation of both α and κ constituent phases, likely due to peculiar galvanic effects.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Ram Pump Integration into Water Distribution Systems for Energy Recovery Application

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zeidan ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Excess Pressure ◽  
Energy Costs

This study presents the potential of integrating Hydrams in modern water distribution systems (WDSs) for managing excess pressure and reducing energy costs. Hydrams, which are also termed Hydraulic ram pumps in the literature, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower, generally used to pump drinking and irrigation water in mountainous and rural areas having short of power. The Hydrams is introduced as a sustainable low-cost alternative solution to the more conventional pressure reducing valves (PRVs) approach for managing pressure zones in WDSs. Unlike PRVs, where the pressure is lost and not put into good use, Hydrams mitigate excess pressure at high-pressure zones and direct it to much-needed low-pressure zones. In addition, Hydrams are cheap, simple, environmentally friendly, and require little maintenance. The proposed approach integrates a Hydram in parallel to the original centrifugal pump, where they can be operated interchangeably according to the system’s hydraulic needs. Nevertheless, it is vital to correctly size the Hydram at the feed line and accompany it with a proper storage tank at the low-pressure zone. The storage tank serves as a buffer between the intermittent water supply and consumer demand pattern. Moreover, the tank introduces flexibility into the system that allows more sustainable operating schedules. Two case study applications of increasing complexity are presented to demonstrate the potential of this Hybrid system, later referred to as Hybrid Pumping Unit (HPU). The Hydram and tank sizing is done by a simple heuristic approach, while the operation of the system is dictated by a genetic algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of integrated Hydrams in reducing excess pressures and energy costs.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR AMANCO EM BANCADA DE TESTES.

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-437
Author(s):  
Helton Rogério Mazzer ◽  
Talita Aparecida Pletsch ◽  
Raimundo Leite Cruz ◽  
Márcio A. Vilas Boas ◽  
Érika Fabiana de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
World Population ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Common System ◽  
Testing Bench ◽  
Bench Testing

AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR AMANCO EM BANCADA DE TESTES.  Helton Rogério Mazzer1; Talita Aparecida Pletsch2; Raimundo Leite Cruz2; Márcio A. Vilas Boas3; Érika Fabiana de Oliveira21 Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, PR,  [email protected] 2Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP3Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade do Centro-Oeste, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR  1 RESUMO A necessidade do uso consciente de água aliado com o fornecimento de alimento para uma população crescente vem trazendo desenvolvimento e pesquisas contínuas na área de irrigação. Surgem com isso, modelos de irrigação (sistemas e formas de aplicação) que aliam a eficiência com o baixo custo de material e tais materiais, apesar de possuírem dados técnicos fornecidos pelos fabricantes, necessitam de testes para verificação do seu funcionamento dentro de um sistema de aplicação e uniformidade de distribuição de água dentro do mesmo. Os estudos em relação à uniformidade, e dos materiais empregados no mercado tornam-se uma obrigatoriedade para a implantação de um projeto eficiente. Além da uniformidade, estudos de distribuição de fluxo em sistemas variados vêm mostrando que novos modelos devem ser testados para uma maior eficiência. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é de analisar o Coeficiente de variação de fabricação do microaspersor Amanco MF (bocal verde claro de 1,0mm) em bancada de teste desenvolvida no laboratório de Irrigação da UNESP – FCA campus de Botucatu-SP. Foram utilizados 25 microaspersores para os testes dispostos de maneira seqüencial na bancada e testados três sistemas diferentes de fluxo. Os sistemas utilizados de fluxo foram: o sistema Tipo Serpentina, que são tubos ligados em série, o Tipo Linha Lateral, o mais usual na irrigação que dispõe de linhas secundárias alimentadas por uma principal e o Tipo Malha, utilizado no abastecimento de água urbano. Os resultados demonstraram que o CVf de 4,17% está dentro da faixa de boa qualidade segundo as normas técnicas, e que o sistema Tipo Malha e Tipo Linha Lateral se assemelham em relação às vazões coletadas em cada um deles, dentro da bancada, considerando ainda que o Tipo Malha possui as maiores médias de vazão e menor faixa de variação. UNITERMOS: Irrigação por microaspersão, coeficiente de variação de fabricação, sistemas de distribuição, bancada de testes.  MAZZER, H. R.; PLETSCH, T. A.; CRUZ, R. L.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; OLIVEIRA, E. F. EVALUATION OF AN AMANCO MICROSPRINKLER PERFORMANCE IN A TESTING BENCH.  2 ABSTRACT The need for a rational use of water and   supply of food for a growing world population have led to the development of research in the area of irrigation systems. Thus, some irrigation systems which join efficiency with low cost of material have been developed. Although some technical characteristics are provided by the manufacturers, tests are required to verify functioning of the system and uniformity of water distribution. Continuous research on uniformity, characteristics of the materials and design of water distribution systems is essential for system improvement. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the CV (manufacturer’s coefficient of variation) of Amanco microsprinkler (1.0 mmlight green nipple) using bench testing in the laboratory of Irrigation at UNESP – FCA campus of Botucatu-SP. Twenty-five microsprinklers in a sequential design were used in the tests. Three flow systems were tested as follows: a Coil system based on  serial connected pipes; a Lateral system, the most common system in which secondary lines are fed by a main line; and a Mesh system used in the urban water supply. The results showed that 4.17%  CVf  met  the production standards  and the Lateral and Mesh systems were similar regarding  outflow using bench testing. The Mesh system presented the highest mean value of outflow and the lowest range of variation. KEY WORDS: microsprinklers, manufacturer’s coefficient of variation, system of distribution, bench testing.

scholarly journals Relevance Of Sensor And Chemical Technology In Water Quality Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3815-3818
Author(s):  
Richa Khare Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Common People ◽  
Value System ◽  
Low Concentrations

This paper is related to  the monitoring of water quality and others problem related to water distribution systems for common people. Our target is to develop such sensors and other chemical methods to calculate the exact value of different parameters related to water at A very low cost. In this paper, we present our studies about pH value, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, BOD and DO. The results of our experiments show that the minimum value system is efficient of monitoring these high impact contaminants at fairly low concentrations.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF RECENT TRENDS IN AIRLINE ANCILLARY REVENUES

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ružica Škurla Babić ◽  
Maja Ozmec Ban ◽  
Jasmin Bajić
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Travel Experience ◽  
Transportation Service ◽  
Profit Performance ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Revenue Streams

Airline ancillary revenue which refers to non-ticket revenue sold directly to passengers or indirectly as part of their travel experience, has become a mandatory component for the revenue mix of all airlines as well as a key reason for the improved financial performance of the airline industry in the recent years. It is generated by a large amount of activities that include „a la carte” services such as fees for checked bags, frequent flying miles to airline partners, miscellaneous sources like advertising and commission-based products such as inflight retail, and car rentals - virtually any service added to the core transportation service. Contribution of ancillary services to the total revenue streams of airlines has been increasing substantially over the past decade. In 2007, the top ten airlines, as rated by total ancillary revenue, generated $2.1 billion, while ten years later, the top ten airline total has reached $29.7 billion. The paper explores the recent growth and trends in ancillary revenue in the airline industry, particularly within in the last ten years and identifies significant differences in ancillary sources with regard to carrier type. Low-cost carriers pioneered the practice of charging for supplementary services that were previously provided free of charge by seeking revenue from checked bags, assigned seats and extra leg room seating. Traditional airlines moved from all-inclusive booking arrangement and started to adopt add-on bundling practice when selling flight tickets taking advantage of low headline price. Their ancillary revenue mostly comes from the use of frequent flyer program, a mix of baggage fees and premium seats. Top airlines in overall ancillary revenue performance measured as total revenue, a percent of revenue, or on a per passenger basis are determined in the paper and new trends in creating ancillaries are elaborated. In order to improve profit performance, the airline revenue management and distribution systems should consider total revenue from each passenger, by linking his ticket value and his ancillary revenue potential.

Influence on antenna design on range of LoraWAN devices – a practical test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Roclawski ◽  
Thomas Krätzig ◽  
Laura Sterle
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Range Test

<p>In the research project Iot.H2O, which is funded under the Water JPI Joint Call 2017 IC4WATER, the potential of the Internet of Things concept is investigated for monitoring and controlling water distribution systems. Smart sensors are used which send data among others via LoraWAN to gateways which are connected to the Internet. The aim of the project is to use low-cost sensors and open-source software.</p><p>In the presentation, results of a range test with the developed LoraWAN devices are reported. One important factor is the antenna design. Results of tests with 6 different antennas will be presented among them are two antennas which are printed on a PCB and 4 commercially available antennas.</p><p>The TTN mapper App is used for recording the signals of the IoT devices in an urban and an rural environment.</p>

Biocorrosion in drinking water pipes

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo E. Pizarro ◽  
Ignacio T. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Transition Flow ◽  
Actual System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Copper Release

Copper is widely used in drinking water distribution systems due to its relatively low cost and favorable mechanical properties. However, copper corrosion may generate copper concentrations exceeding the thresholds prescribed by international drinking water standards. In-situ measurements performed in an actual system found that the copper mass released under flowing water conditions (pipe flushing) was greater than the copper mass release estimated considering only the mass of copper in the pipe's bulk water before the tap is opened. This work presents in-situ and laboratory results of copper release into the water and its dependence on biofilm structure, solid-liquid interface properties, and the pipe flow regime (laminar vs. transition flow). The results of this work highlight the necessity to incorporate the hydrodynamic effects in the analysis of corrosion and corrosion by-products release into drinking water piping systems. Initial modeling efforts are also presented.

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