AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR AMANCO EM BANCADA DE TESTES.

AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO DO MICROASPERSOR AMANCO EM BANCADA DE TESTES. Helton Rogério Mazzer1; Talita Aparecida Pletsch2; Raimundo Leite Cruz2; Márcio A. Vilas Boas3; Érika Fabiana de Oliveira21 Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campo Mourão, PR, [email protected] 2Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP3Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade do Centro-Oeste, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR 1 RESUMO A necessidade do uso consciente de água aliado com o fornecimento de alimento para uma população crescente vem trazendo desenvolvimento e pesquisas contínuas na área de irrigação. Surgem com isso, modelos de irrigação (sistemas e formas de aplicação) que aliam a eficiência com o baixo custo de material e tais materiais, apesar de possuírem dados técnicos fornecidos pelos fabricantes, necessitam de testes para verificação do seu funcionamento dentro de um sistema de aplicação e uniformidade de distribuição de água dentro do mesmo. Os estudos em relação à uniformidade, e dos materiais empregados no mercado tornam-se uma obrigatoriedade para a implantação de um projeto eficiente. Além da uniformidade, estudos de distribuição de fluxo em sistemas variados vêm mostrando que novos modelos devem ser testados para uma maior eficiência. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é de analisar o Coeficiente de variação de fabricação do microaspersor Amanco MF (bocal verde claro de 1,0mm) em bancada de teste desenvolvida no laboratório de Irrigação da UNESP – FCA campus de Botucatu-SP. Foram utilizados 25 microaspersores para os testes dispostos de maneira seqüencial na bancada e testados três sistemas diferentes de fluxo. Os sistemas utilizados de fluxo foram: o sistema Tipo Serpentina, que são tubos ligados em série, o Tipo Linha Lateral, o mais usual na irrigação que dispõe de linhas secundárias alimentadas por uma principal e o Tipo Malha, utilizado no abastecimento de água urbano. Os resultados demonstraram que o CVf de 4,17% está dentro da faixa de boa qualidade segundo as normas técnicas, e que o sistema Tipo Malha e Tipo Linha Lateral se assemelham em relação às vazões coletadas em cada um deles, dentro da bancada, considerando ainda que o Tipo Malha possui as maiores médias de vazão e menor faixa de variação. UNITERMOS: Irrigação por microaspersão, coeficiente de variação de fabricação, sistemas de distribuição, bancada de testes. MAZZER, H. R.; PLETSCH, T. A.; CRUZ, R. L.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; OLIVEIRA, E. F. EVALUATION OF AN AMANCO MICROSPRINKLER PERFORMANCE IN A TESTING BENCH. 2 ABSTRACT The need for a rational use of water and supply of food for a growing world population have led to the development of research in the area of irrigation systems. Thus, some irrigation systems which join efficiency with low cost of material have been developed. Although some technical characteristics are provided by the manufacturers, tests are required to verify functioning of the system and uniformity of water distribution. Continuous research on uniformity, characteristics of the materials and design of water distribution systems is essential for system improvement. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the CV (manufacturer’s coefficient of variation) of Amanco microsprinkler (1.0 mmlight green nipple) using bench testing in the laboratory of Irrigation at UNESP – FCA campus of Botucatu-SP. Twenty-five microsprinklers in a sequential design were used in the tests. Three flow systems were tested as follows: a Coil system based on serial connected pipes; a Lateral system, the most common system in which secondary lines are fed by a main line; and a Mesh system used in the urban water supply. The results showed that 4.17% CVf met the production standards and the Lateral and Mesh systems were similar regarding outflow using bench testing. The Mesh system presented the highest mean value of outflow and the lowest range of variation. KEY WORDS: microsprinklers, manufacturer’s coefficient of variation, system of distribution, bench testing.

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Corrosion Behavior of Different Brass Alloys for Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Metals ◽

10.3390/met9060649 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 649 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jamal Choucri ◽

Federica Zanotto ◽

Vincenzo Grassi ◽

Andrea Balbo ◽

Mohamed Ebn Touhami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽

Small Depth ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Brass Alloys

Some α + β’ brass components of drinking water distribution systems in Morocco underwent early failures and were investigated to assess the nature and extent of the corrosion attacks. They exhibited different corrosion forms, often accompanied by extensive β’ dezincification. In order to offer viable alternatives to these traditional low cost materials, the corrosion behavior of two representative α + β’ brass components was compared to that of brass alloys with nominal compositions CuZn36Pb2As and CuZn21Si3P, marketed as dezincification resistant. CuZn21Si3P is a recently developed eco-friendly brass produced without any arsenic or lead. Electrochemical tests in simulated drinking water showed that after 10 days of immersion CuZn21Si3P exhibited the highest polarization resistance (Rp) values but after longer immersion periods its Rp values became comparable or lower than those of the other alloys. After 150 days, scanning electron microscope coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses evidenced that the highest dezincification resistance was afforded by CuZn36Pb2As (longitudinal section of extruded bar), exhibiting dealloying and subsequent oxidation of β’ only at a small depth. Limited surface dealloying was also found on CuZn21Si3P, which underwent selective silicon and zinc dissolution and negligible inner oxidation of both α and κ constituent phases, likely due to peculiar galvanic effects.

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Hydraulic Ram Pump Integration into Water Distribution Systems for Energy Recovery Application

Water ◽

10.3390/w14010021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Mohamad Zeidan ◽

Avi Ostfeld

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Storage Tank ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Excess Pressure ◽

Energy Costs

This study presents the potential of integrating Hydrams in modern water distribution systems (WDSs) for managing excess pressure and reducing energy costs. Hydrams, which are also termed Hydraulic ram pumps in the literature, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower, generally used to pump drinking and irrigation water in mountainous and rural areas having short of power. The Hydrams is introduced as a sustainable low-cost alternative solution to the more conventional pressure reducing valves (PRVs) approach for managing pressure zones in WDSs. Unlike PRVs, where the pressure is lost and not put into good use, Hydrams mitigate excess pressure at high-pressure zones and direct it to much-needed low-pressure zones. In addition, Hydrams are cheap, simple, environmentally friendly, and require little maintenance. The proposed approach integrates a Hydram in parallel to the original centrifugal pump, where they can be operated interchangeably according to the system’s hydraulic needs. Nevertheless, it is vital to correctly size the Hydram at the feed line and accompany it with a proper storage tank at the low-pressure zone. The storage tank serves as a buffer between the intermittent water supply and consumer demand pattern. Moreover, the tank introduces flexibility into the system that allows more sustainable operating schedules. Two case study applications of increasing complexity are presented to demonstrate the potential of this Hybrid system, later referred to as Hybrid Pumping Unit (HPU). The Hydram and tank sizing is done by a simple heuristic approach, while the operation of the system is dictated by a genetic algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of integrated Hydrams in reducing excess pressures and energy costs.

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Relevance Of Sensor And Chemical Technology In Water Quality Monitoring

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) ◽

10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1668 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 3815-3818

Author(s):

Richa Khare Et.al

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Ph Value ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Common People ◽

Value System ◽

Low Concentrations

This paper is related to the monitoring of water quality and others problem related to water distribution systems for common people. Our target is to develop such sensors and other chemical methods to calculate the exact value of different parameters related to water at A very low cost. In this paper, we present our studies about pH value, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, BOD and DO. The results of our experiments show that the minimum value system is efficient of monitoring these high impact contaminants at fairly low concentrations.

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Influence on antenna design on range of LoraWAN devices – a practical test

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4583 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Harald Roclawski ◽

Thomas Krätzig ◽

Laura Sterle

Keyword(s):

Open Source Software ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Antenna Design ◽

Rural Environment ◽

The Internet ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Range Test

In the research project Iot.H2O, which is funded under the Water JPI Joint Call 2017 IC4WATER, the potential of the Internet of Things concept is investigated for monitoring and controlling water distribution systems. Smart sensors are used which send data among others via LoraWAN to gateways which are connected to the Internet. The aim of the project is to use low-cost sensors and open-source software.In the presentation, results of a range test with the developed LoraWAN devices are reported. One important factor is the antenna design. Results of tests with 6 different antennas will be presented among them are two antennas which are printed on a PCB and 4 commercially available antennas.The TTN mapper App is used for recording the signals of the IoT devices in an urban and an rural environment.

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Biocorrosion in drinking water pipes

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2016.018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 881-887 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gonzalo E. Pizarro ◽

Ignacio T. Vargas

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Bulk Water ◽

Transition Flow ◽

Actual System ◽

Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽

Copper Release

Copper is widely used in drinking water distribution systems due to its relatively low cost and favorable mechanical properties. However, copper corrosion may generate copper concentrations exceeding the thresholds prescribed by international drinking water standards. In-situ measurements performed in an actual system found that the copper mass released under flowing water conditions (pipe flushing) was greater than the copper mass release estimated considering only the mass of copper in the pipe's bulk water before the tap is opened. This work presents in-situ and laboratory results of copper release into the water and its dependence on biofilm structure, solid-liquid interface properties, and the pipe flow regime (laminar vs. transition flow). The results of this work highlight the necessity to incorporate the hydrodynamic effects in the analysis of corrosion and corrosion by-products release into drinking water piping systems. Initial modeling efforts are also presented.

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Design of smart sensors for real time drinking water quality monitoring and contamination detection in water distributed mains

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8921 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1.1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Kavi Priya ◽

G. Shenbagalakshmi ◽

T. Revathi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Real Time ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Quality Monitoring

Drinking Water Distribution Systems facilitate to carry portable water from water resources such as reservoirs, river, and water tanks to industrial, commercial and residential consumers through complex buried pipe networks. Determining the consequences of a water contamination event is an important concern in the field of water systems security and in drinking water distribution systems. The proposed work is based on the development of low cost fuzzy based water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor networks which is capable of measuring physiochemical parameters of water quality such as pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation reduction potential and turbidity. Based on selected parameters a sensing unit is developed along with several microsystems for analog signal conditioning, data aggregation, sensor data analysis and logging, and remote representation of data to the consumers. Finally, algorithms for fusing the real time data and decision making using fuzzy logic at local level are developed to assess the water contamination risk. Based on the water contamination level in the distribution pipeline the drinking water quality is classified as acceptable/reject/desirable. When the contamination is detected, the sensing unit with ZigBee sends signals to close the solenoid valve inside the pipeline to prevent the flow of contaminated water supply and it intimates the consumers about drinking water quality through mobile app. Experimental results indicate that this low cost real time water quality monitoring system acts as an ideal early warning system with best detection accuracy. The derived solution can also be applied to different IoT (Internet of Things) scenario such as smart cities, the city transport system etc.

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Optimising the Number of Pumps and Balancing Valves in Chilled Water Distribution Systems

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911101071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 01071

Author(s):

Adrian Retezan ◽

Szilveszter Geyer Ehrenberg

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Cooling System ◽

Water System ◽

Good Control ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Comfort Level ◽

Common System ◽

Chilled Water

Everyday life does involve use of cooling systems for different areas and scenarios. We use them to keep our thermal comfort level at optimum, either to get rid of some extra heat from technological systems. From various cooling solutions, one and very common system is the chilled water system, where centralised chiller plants produce the cooling energy and all terminal units do receive cooling energy using a distribution loop. According to statistical data, electrical energy consumption of pumps might be up to 17% of entire electrical use of the cooling plant. When designing our cooling system loads during operation will not be same all the time. Variation must be treated accordingly, therefore to get best efficiency of the system, we must get a good control. Beside shut-off motorised valves our balancing must be considered in different scenarios. The paper looks to summarize the challenges in getting a good balancing and energy efficiency in chilled water distribution system.

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A simple forecast technique for estimating the statistical characteristics of water consumption

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2014.013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 593-600

Author(s):

József Bene ◽

Dávid Bóka ◽

Csaba Ho˝s ◽

Varga Roxána

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Real Life ◽

Forecast Model ◽

Mean Value ◽

Statistical Characteristics ◽

Prediction Errors ◽

Life Problems

The forecast water consumption values are the most critical input data in the pump schedule optimization of water distribution systems. The aim of this paper is to present a simple technique which is able to estimate the mean consumption and its distribution for a given demand zone with an hourly resolution. Simplicity (low computational cost) is advantageous since the forecast model needs to be run for any optimization computation. The proposed technique uses a recorded hourly consumption database and consists of two steps. First, the database content is automatically grouped based on the similarity of the elements (more precisely, their normality). This step is time-consuming but is performed only once for a given database independently of optimization. The second step – which is quick but has to be performed before the actual optimization – makes use of this grouping for forecasting mean value and standard deviation. The proposed technique provides hourly water consumption predictions independently; that is, the neighbouring hours do not effect each other, which prevents the accumulation of prediction errors. The daily overall consumption is computed a posteriori. The test results presented in this paper prove the applicability of the technique for real-life problems. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the confidence interval provided by the technique includes the actual measured data.

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Design of Internet of Things Based Smart and Efficient Water Distribution System for Urban and Agriculture Areas

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2020.9301 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 4688-4691

Author(s):

P. A. Harsha Vardhini ◽

G. Janardhana Raju

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Urban Poor ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Leak Detection ◽

World Population ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Middle Income ◽

Indian Water ◽

Smart Water

Groundwater plays an important part in India’s economy. It provides water to about 85% urban and rural proportion for household and agriculture needs. India being the 2nd largest in world population with a diverse population that is three times the size of the US but one-third the physical size. World Bank according to, how many people are living in poverty is still extremely disproportionate to the number of middle-income people, with a combined rate of over 52 percent of rural and urban poor. One of the major drawback in the Indian water distribution systems was found to be loss of water resource due to leakage of pipes. India experiences both floods and droughts periodically. Consequently, innovations in pipe leak detection recognition and reparation methods are being implemented. But still identifying the leaks at a early point is vital in order to ensure minimal water wastage in distribution systems. A major component of pipe leak detection is the ability to reliably locate the place of leakage in pipes by minimal invasion. Water transport industry is increasingly concerned about leakages in water delivery pipelines. To pacify them and thereby supporting the economy by saving the water resources with proper and sufficient utilization of the same, this paper projects the solution to overcome pipe leakage issues with IoT dependent smart water monitoring system.

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Uses of inorganic hypochlorite (bleach) in health-care facilities.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.10.4.597 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 597-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 253

Author(s):

W A Rutala ◽

D J Weber

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Potable Water ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Active Species ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Care Facilities

Hypochlorite has been used as a disinfectant for more than 100 years. It has many of the properties of an ideal disinfectant, including a broad antimicrobial activity, rapid bactericidal action, reasonable persistence in treated potable water, ease of use, solubility in water, relative stability, relative nontoxicity at use concentrations, no poisonous residuals, no color, no staining, and low cost. The active species is undissociated hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Hypochlorites are lethal to most microbes, although viruses and vegetative bacteria are more susceptible than endospore-forming bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Activity is reduced by the presence of heavy metal ions, a biofilm, organic material, low temperature, low pH, or UV radiation. Clinical uses in health-care facilities include hyperchlorination of potable water to prevent Legionella colonization, chlorination of water distribution systems used in hemodialysis centers, cleaning of environmental surfaces, disinfection of laundry, local use to decontaminate blood spills, disinfection of equipment, decontamination of medical waste prior to disposal, and dental therapy. Despite the increasing availability of other disinfectants, hypochlorites continue to find wide use in hospitals.

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