Radiation measurement in plasma disruption by thin-foil infrared bolometer

Radiation-induced homogeneous precipitation in Ni-Be alloys was recently observed by high voltage electron microscopy. A coupling of interstitial flux with solute Be atoms is responsible for the precipitation. The present investigation further shows that precipitation is also induced at thin foil surfaces by electron irradiation under a high vacuum.

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Electrolytic Isolation of Twin-Type Shock Deformation Structures

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100061604 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 318-319

Author(s):

F. I. Grace ◽

L. E. Murr

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundaries ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Electrolyte Composition ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Average Current Density ◽

Electron Transmission ◽

Deformation Structures ◽

The Matrix ◽

Average Current ◽

Specimen Edge

During the course of electron transmission investigations of the deformation structures associated with shock-loaded thin foil specimens of 70/30 brass, it was observed that in a number of instances preferential etching occurred along grain boundaries; and that the degree of etching appeared to depend upon the various experimental conditions prevailing during electropolishing. These included the electrolyte composition, the average current density, and the temperature in the vicinity of the specimen. In the specific case of 70/30 brass shock-loaded at pressures in the range 200-400 kilobars, the predominant mode of deformation was observed to be twin-type faults which in several cases exhibited preferential etching similar to that observed along grain boundaries. A novel feature of this particular phenomenon was that in certain cases, especially for twins located in the vicinity of the specimen edge, the etching or preferential electropolishing literally isolated these structures from the matrix.

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Influence of X-Ray Induced Fluorescence on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Thin Foils

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079164 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 328-329

Author(s):

E. A. Kenik ◽

J. Bentley

Keyword(s):

Thin Foil ◽

Electron Excitation ◽

Simple Approach ◽

Foil Thickness ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Hole Spectrum ◽

Illumination System ◽

Thin Foils ◽

Intensity Ratios

Cliff and Lorimer (1) have proposed a simple approach to thin foil x-ray analy sis based on the ratio of x-ray peak intensities. However, there are several experimental pitfalls which must be recognized in obtaining the desired x-ray intensities. Undesirable x-ray induced fluorescence of the specimen can result from various mechanisms and leads to x-ray intensities not characteristic of electron excitation and further results in incorrect intensity ratios.In measuring the x-ray intensity ratio for NiAl as a function of foil thickness, Zaluzec and Fraser (2) found the ratio was not constant for thicknesses where absorption could be neglected. They demonstrated that this effect originated from x-ray induced fluorescence by blocking the beam with lead foil. The primary x-rays arise in the illumination system and result in varying intensity ratios and a finite x-ray spectrum even when the specimen is not intercepting the electron beam, an ‘in-hole’ spectrum. We have developed a second technique for detecting x-ray induced fluorescence based on the magnitude of the ‘in-hole’ spectrum with different filament emission currents and condenser apertures.

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Optimizing conditions for x-ray microchemical analysis in analytical electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109884 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 548-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. J. Zaluzec

Keyword(s):

Solid Angle ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

X Ray ◽

Microchemical Analysis ◽

Analytical Electron ◽

Image Position ◽

Incident Beam Energy

The ultimate sensitivity of microchemical analysis using x-ray emission rests in selecting those experimental conditions which will maximize the measured peak-to-background (P/B) ratio. This paper presents the results of calculations aimed at determining the influence of incident beam energy, detector/specimen geometry and specimen composition on the P/B ratio for ideally thin samples (i.e., the effects of scattering and absorption are considered negligible). As such it is assumed that the complications resulting from system peaks, bremsstrahlung fluorescence, electron tails and specimen contamination have been eliminated and that one needs only to consider the physics of the generation/emission process.The number of characteristic x-ray photons (Ip) emitted from a thin foil of thickness dt into the solid angle dΩ is given by the well-known equation

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Precipitation in silicon: Microanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100104431 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 474-475

Author(s):

R.W. Carpenter

Keyword(s):

Transition Metals ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Precipitation Reaction ◽

High Current ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Dielectric Layers ◽

Precipitation Processes ◽

Areas Of Interest

Interest in precipitation processes in silicon appears to be centered on transition metals (for intrinsic and extrinsic gettering), and oxygen and carbon in thermally aged materials, and on oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in ion implanted materials to form buried dielectric layers. A steadily increasing number of applications of microanalysis to these problems are appearing. but still far less than the number of imaging/diffraction investigations. Microanalysis applications appear to be paced by instrumentation development. The precipitation reaction products are small and the presence of carbon is often an important consideration. Small high current probes are important and cryogenic specimen holders are required for consistent suppression of contamination buildup on specimen areas of interest. Focussed probes useful for microanalysis should be in the range of 0.1 to 1nA, and estimates of spatial resolution to be expected for thin foil specimens can be made from the curves shown in Fig. 1.

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Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100114517 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 178-179

Author(s):

Prakash Rao

Keyword(s):

Dark Field Image ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Dark Field ◽

The Other ◽

Stereo Image ◽

Phase Identification ◽

The Past ◽

Field Electron Microscopy ◽

Dark Field Electron ◽

Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

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Transmission electron microscope studies in special ceramics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100108489 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 268-269

Author(s):

A. Zangvil ◽

L.J. Gauckler ◽

G. Schneider ◽

M. Rühle

Keyword(s):

Phase Diagrams ◽

Crystal Structures ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Limited Extent ◽

Complex Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Lattice Resolution

The use of high temperature special ceramics which are usually complex materials based on oxides, nitrides, carbides and borides of silicon and aluminum, is critically dependent on their thermomechanical and other physical properties. The investigations of the phase diagrams, crystal structures and microstructural features are essential for better understanding of the macro-properties. Phase diagrams and crystal structures have been studied mainly by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has contributed to this field to a very limited extent; it has been used more extensively in the study of microstructure, phase transformations and lattice defects. Often only TEM can give solutions to numerous problems in the above fields, since the various phases exist in extremely fine grains and subgrain structures; single crystals of appreciable size are often not available. Examples with some of our experimental results from two multicomponent systems are presented here. The standard ion thinning technique was used for the preparation of thin foil samples, which were then investigated with JEOL 200A and Siemens ELMISKOP 102 (for the lattice resolution work) electron microscopes.

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Effets of surfaces on precipitate morphology in irradiated thin foils

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110416 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 654-655

Author(s):

D.I. Potter ◽

A. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Ion Irradiation ◽

Dark Field Image ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Dark Field ◽

Al Alloy ◽

Bright Field Image ◽

Dislocation Loops ◽

Precipitate Morphology ◽

Thin Foils

Thermal aging of Ni-12.8 at. % A1 and Ni-12.7 at. % Si produces spatially homogeneous dispersions of cuboidal γ'-Ni3Al or Ni3Si precipitate particles arrayed in the Ni solid solution. We have used 3.5-MeV 58Ni+ ion irradiation to examine the effect of irradiation during precipitation on precipitate morphology and distribution. The nearness of free surfaces produced unusual morphologies in foils thinned prior to irradiation. These thin-foil effects will be important during in-situ investigations of precipitation in the HVEM. The thin foil results can be interpreted in terms of observations from bulk irradiations which are described first.Figure 1a is a dark field image of the γ' precipitate 5000 Å beneath the surface(∿1200 Å short of peak damage) of the Ni-Al alloy irradiated in bulk form. The inhomogeneous spatial distribution of γ' results from the presence of voids and dislocation loops which can be seen in the bright field image of the same area, Fig. 1b.

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Dislocation structures around SiO2 Particles in aged Cu-Cr-SiO2

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110118 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 594-595

Author(s):

N.J. Long ◽

M.H. Loretto ◽

C.H. Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Flow Stress ◽

Single Crystals ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Age Hardening ◽

Dispersion Strengthening ◽

Accurate Picture ◽

The Matrix ◽

Very High ◽

Good Agreement

IntroductionThere have been several t.e.m. studies (1,2,3,4) of the dislocation arrangements in the matrix and around the particles in dispersion strengthened single crystals deformed in single slip. Good agreement has been obtained in general between the observed structures and the various theories for the flow stress and work hardening of this class of alloy. There has been though some difficulty in obtaining an accurate picture of these arrangements in the case when the obstacles are large (of the order of several 1000's Å). This is due to both the physical loss of dislocations from the thin foil in its preparation and to rearrangement of the structure on unloading and standing at room temperature under the influence of the very high localised stresses in the vicinity of the particles (2,3).This contribution presents part of a study of the Cu-Cr-SiO2 system where age hardening from the Cu-Cr and dispersion strengthening from Cu-Sio2 is combined.

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Growth of hematite by surface oxidation of olivine

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100106065 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 800-801

Author(s):

S. McKernan ◽

C. B. Carter

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Surface Oxidation ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Ion Milling ◽

Annealed Material ◽

Thin Foils ◽

Natural Olivine ◽

Approximate Composition ◽

Second Phases

The oxidation of natural olivine has previously been performed on bulk samples and the reactions followed by preparation of TEM specimens from the annealed material. These results show that below ∼1000°C hematite and amorphous silica are formed, particularly around dislocations. At higher temperatures magnetite and some enstatite-like phase are formed. In both cases the olivine is left almost totally Fe depleted. By performing the oxidation on characterized thin TEM specimens it is possible to obtain more information on the nucleation and growth of the second phases formed. The conditions in a thin foil, however, are very different from those in the bulk especially with regard to surface effects. The nucleation of precipitates in particular may be expected to occur differently in these thin foils than in the bulk.TEM specimens of natural olivine (approximate composition Mg+Fe+Si2o4) which had been annealed at 1000°C for 1 hr were prepared by mechanical polishing and dimpling, followed by Ar ion milling to perforation. The specimens were characterized in the electron microscope and then heated in air in alumina boats to 900°C for between 30 and 180 minutes.

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