Developing the Rural Dimension of Business-Support Policy

10.1068/c44m ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Anderson ◽  
Peter Tyler ◽  
Trevor McCallion
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Fund ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Rural Business ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Business Competitiveness

The development of rural business-support policy depends on the proper identification of those factors that have a differential impact on the success of rural as opposed to urban businesses. A number of studies have pointed to differences between urban and rural businesses in the business constraints and opportunities they face, and how they respond to them. This issue is investigated by use of a multivariate econometric model to analyse data generated by a survey of almost 800 businesses in all areas of Northern Ireland. The locations of the businesses in the study were mapped carefully according to an urban, accessible-rural, and remote-rural spatial typology. There is particular interest in the shape and form that rural business support policy might take in order to assist businesses in rural areas where there will be a reduction in traditional EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) assistance as well as a phased withdrawal of Objective 1 Structural Fund support. This is currently the case in Northern Ireland. The research should be seen as a pilot study designed to demonstrate how further work might be undertaken in an area where the search for appropriate interventions is likely to be a continuing theme in policy debate. Further research might usefully be directed towards examining the factors that are responsible for causing some of the differences observed. The research suggests that the business areas that will have the greatest impact on rural business competitiveness, relative to their more urban counterparts, are training, business-service provision, transport and communication infrastructure, costs of production, and the environment. This complex set of factors cuts across traditional departmental and national boundaries and highlights the importance of ensuring customised rural business support responses and the effective ‘rural proofing’ of strategically important public policies in general.

Rural business support policy and rural enterprise economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Päivi Kujala ◽  
Seija Virkkala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Business ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Support Policy

Psychotropic drug use in Northern Ireland 1966–80: prescribing trends, inter- and intra-regional comparisons and relationship to demographic and socioeconomic variables

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. King ◽  
Kathryn Griffiths ◽  
Phillip M. Reilly ◽  
J. Desmond Merrett
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Regional Comparisons ◽  
Health Districts

SynopsisA study of psychotropic drug prescribing, derived from the computerized pricing data in Northern Ireland from 1966, showed that the use of these drugs reached a peak in 1975, when about 12·5% of the adult population were estimated to have been receiving them, and declined in the following 5 years. Benzodioazepines accounted for three-quarters of all psychotropic drugs prescribed in 1980. Benzodiazepine tranquillizer prescribing was consistently 20–30% higher than in the rest of the United Kindom, in contrast to hypnotic and antidepressant prescribing which has been consistently lower. The rate of increase in benzodiazepine tranquillizer prescribing was greater than in other European countries, but the level remains lower than in Iceland and Denmark. The influence of a number of demographic and socioeconomic variables was studied in an intra-regional analysis of the 1978 data for the 17 health districts in the province, using multivariate and multiple regression statistics. The prescribing of benzodiazepine hypnotics was almost entirely accounted for by the proportion of elderly (over 65 years) and women aged 45–59 years; neuroleptic prescribing was largely a function of factors associated with rural areas (overcrowding and unemployment) and the proportion of elderly; but neither tranquillizer, antidepressant, barbiturate hypnotic nor psychostimulant prescribing were satisfactorily explained by these variables.

scholarly journals Survey on energetic short rotation forestry systems – Possibilities of spatial development and job creation

2010 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
József Antal ◽  
Gábor Grasseli
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Education Profession ◽  
Structural Point

Both the European and the Hungarian rural areas suffer multi dimensional problems. Beside infrastructural under development the most important difficulty is employment. Unemployment is significant in the rural areas, while other structural characteristics like education, profession, work circumstances and seasonality worsen this unfavourable situation. It can be stated that the challenge with the highest priority in rural and spatialdevelopment is to create jobs and to strengthen local employment. The authors examine the job generating possibilities of energetic biomass of agricultural origin in a structural point of view. The aim is to develop spatial biomass product line models that permanently support the raise of employment by utilizing the possibilities of the European Union support policy and the popularity of this branch.

Unravelling the complexities of poverty in Northern Ireland, a new immigration destination

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-228
Author(s):  
Ruth McAreavey
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Party Support ◽  
The Way

This chapter uses migrants’ experiences of poverty in Northern Ireland to consider the way in which poverty is experienced across transnational boundaries. The research draws from empirical data from Northern Ireland, a place which until relatively recently experienced little in-migration. It begins by considering the meaning of poverty and how it is understood transnationally i.e. across national boundaries. The chapter proceeds by showing how migrants shift their framing of poverty according to different circumstances. Poverty is also shown to bring with it physical and emotional vulnerabilities and can cause anxiety, indignity and insecurity for the individuals involved. Finally, the chapter highlights the importance of third party support from the sending or receiving society for overcoming the consequences of poverty.

Responses in the west of Ireland to civil rights protest in Northern Ireland, 1968–72

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (159) ◽  
pp. 58-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Madden
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
West Of Ireland

Abstract1968 has become synonymous with the large-scale global protests of that year. International scholarship has increasingly sought to examine instances of these protests in global peripheries, and amongst the most studied examples is Northern Ireland. The growth of civil rights protest in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s, which emerged from long-standing feelings of exclusion amongst the Catholic minority of the predominantly Protestant polity, was influenced by a broader international discourse of protest associated with the long 1968, notably the African-American civil rights movement. Simultaneously, in the west of Ireland, a number of protest groups also emerged in the late 1960s, frustrated at their communities’ perceived neglect by the government of the Republic of Ireland. This article will examine the emergence of these protest movements, discussing groups in the Galway Gaeltacht and other peripheral rural areas of Connacht, student activists in University College Galway, and campaigns challenging racism against the Travelling community. It will argue that they were influenced by the global protests associated with the long 1968, most notably by events across the border. For the purpose of the article, the ‘west of Ireland’ refers to the five Connacht counties of Galway, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo and Leitrim.

Deliberate self-poisoning presenting at a rural hospital in Northern Ireland 1976–1996: relationship to prescribing

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.B. Kelly ◽  
J. Weir ◽  
T. Rafferty ◽  
R. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Face ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

summaryPurpose – This study reports on a project to monitor deliberate self-poisoning in a rural area of Northern Ireland over a 20-year period. Comparison is made with reports from large urban centres. In addition, a local prescribing database allows assessment of any association between psychotropic drug prescription and use for deliberate self-poisoning. Materials and methods – Frequency of self-poisoning, demographic details and drugs used were recorded for all episodes of deliberate self-poisoning occurring at Craigavon Area Hospital for the years 1976, 1986, 1991 and 1996. It was possible to compare prescriptions of psychotropic drugs with their use for deliberate self-poisoning between the years 1991 and 1996 in the region served by the hospital, using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system. Results – In this rural area the pattern of deliberate self-poisoning has changed, as in urban centres, with a rise in frequency and the male/female ratio approaching unity. The pattern of drug use has altered, with paracetamol overtaking benzodiazepines as the most commonly used agent. More recently, antidepressants have become the second most frequently used drug class for this purpose. Psychotropic medications used for self-poisoning altered in proportion to their prescription between the years 1991 and 1996. Conclusions – In the face of a continuing rise in deliberate self-poisoning, which is effecting both urban and rural areas, care should be taken to prescribe the least toxic agent available as this is associated with likely frequency of self-poisoning for most classes of psychotropic drug.

scholarly journals Towards Design Strategies for Requalifying the Rural: A Comparative Study of Hollow Settlements in China and Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Semprebon ◽  
Mauro Marinelli ◽  
Ilaria Valente
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Rural Exodus

Smallsettlementsincountrysideareascallforagrowingnumberofchallengesagainst the backdrop of global rural-urban transition. In this paper, we focus on the processes of depopulation and building abandonment in rural areas of China and Italy. We consider two similar experiences taking place in different contexts, and suggest useful design tools for strategies of architectural requalification. In China, we study a small village in Fujian Province as a paradigmatic example of the well-known phenomenon of “hollow villages.” The word hollow refers to the emptying of dwellings in the central parts of rural settlements, while, paradoxically, their fringe areas are the object of residential land expansion. This notion was coined in the early 1990s to describe the spatial, social and economic consequences of the combination of a rural exodus and a rampant urbanisation. In Italy, we consider a case study in the Province of Trento, where the evacuation of village central cores follow the sprawling towards the village’s outskirts. Even though the recent trends show that the demographic haemorrhage away from the village is declining, the abandonment of old houses in favour of the construction of new ones seems relentless. Such issues gather a growing interest by cultural, political and academic institutions. Never the less, little attention has been paid to the similarities of architectural experiences across national boundaries. Aiming to bridge this gap, we compare the results of our studies on the architectural requalification of rural settlements in both China and Italy. Our methodology embodies a graphic representation of our fieldwork, examines the relationships between the built form and its natural framework and analytically assesses the physical condition and use level of the existing buildings. Despite local specificities, there are significant overlaps from which these and other cases can gain insight. We observe that similar transnational issues can be stimulated by global transition processes driven by local forces and context-related patterns of spatial transformation. More specifically, the intensity and the extent of hollowing of Chinese villages stimulates the broad testing of a spectrum of methodologies and knowledges. These can be both inherited from other contexts or experimented with as innovative approaches. From this perspective, the Italian experience, where the abandonment dates backwards in time, is a fruitful source of comparison.

scholarly journals A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on food decisions of economically disadvantaged families in Northern Ireland

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Spyreli ◽  
Michelle C. McKinley ◽  
Jayne V. Woodside ◽  
Colette Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Meal Preparation ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Food Decisions ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Meal Planning ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The first UK-wide lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19 had a serious financial impact on low-income households, a population already in higher risk of food insecurity and poor dietary choices. Qualitative data on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food decisions of UK families are scarce. This study aimed to explore how the measures to control the spread of COVID-19 influenced the food-related decisions of socioeconomically deprived families in Northern Ireland. Methods A qualitative study captured data from online individual interviews. Participation was open for parents of children 2–17 years old living on a tight budget in urban and rural areas of Northern Ireland. A sampling matrix enabled equal representation of single- and two-parent households, as well as parents of younger children (<12y) and adolescents (≥12y). Data were collected by using the methods of Photovoice and mapping exercise. Data were analysed through a thematic approach. Results Twelve online interviews were conducted and five distinct themes were identified reflecting families’ food-related decisions that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown: 1) food planning; 2) food purchasing; 3) meal preparation; 4) eating and feeding behaviours and 5) eating food prepared outside the house. Conclusions The restrictions put in place to inhibit the spread of COVID-19 influenced all aspects of dietary decisions of low-income families. Changes observed during this period included frequent consumption of homemade meals, but also increased unhealthy snacking. Infrequent food shopping encouraged good meal planning, but was also a barrier to securing adequate fresh food. Food-related support including school meal assistance contributed to families’ food security, particularly those of single parents.

scholarly journals National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Youth Population ◽  
Analyse Data

This document describes the Italian situation of young people aged between 15 and 34 years who do not work, do not study and are not in training (NEET), from 2009 to 2019. The report analyses the following indicators of the youth population: employment; unem-ployment; education; and, distribution of NEETs. The criteria adopted to analyse data are mainly the degree of urbanisation, the age group and, where possible, gender. The statistical procedure adopted for the different dimensions selected is descriptive lon-gitudinal analysis and calculation of absolute and relative proportional changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and between 2009 and 2019. These time intervals have been chosen to capture the evolution of the indicators before and after the economic cri-sis that hit European countries. All data has been extracted from Eurostat public data sets. The data analysed shows how the Italian population decreased slightly between 2009 and 2019. However, what clearly changed is the distribution: increased in rural areas and decreased in cities. Youth unemployment grew strongly from 2009 to 2014, until finally decreasing from 2014 to 2019. Between 2009 and 2019, the Italian population aged from 15 to 24 years old has become more educated. The number of young people who drop out of school early decreased sharply, although rural areas remain the ones with the highest rates thereof. Finally, the NEET rate is one of the highest in the EU and has increased overall from 2009 to 2019. The peak was reached in 2014 and then the share decreased until 2019. Rural areas have the highest rate, although with a very small difference compared to the rate of cities and the national average.

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