Mirror Symmetry Opposes Splitting of Chromatically Homogeneous Surfaces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3218 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Parovel ◽  
Stefano Vezzani
Keyword(s):  
Global Solution ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Minimum Principle ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
General Correlation ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry ◽  
Global And Local

Chromatically homogeneous surfaces can be seen as single figures but also as two or more overlapping figures. Local factors such as relatability have been proposed in order to explain perception of two or more figures (Kellman and Shipley, 1991 Cognitive Psychology23 141 – 221). However, even when these factors are at work, there are conditions favouring the perception of a single figure, which have not been explored so far. Here we propose that one such factor is the mirror symmetry of the surface. Three experiments were designed to test: (a) the main hypothesis, that mirror symmetry enhances perception of a single figure; (b) the role of orientation; (c) the effect of the number of axes of symmetry. The results show that (i) there is a good general correlation between mirror symmetry and perception of a single figure; (ii) vertical and horizontal axes of symmetry are the most effective; and (iii) the more axes of symmetry a surface has, the more likely is the perception of a single figure. These results suggest that mirror symmetry is an important factor in the perception of chromatically homogeneous displays. Some explanations are discussed, particularly one based on the rejection-of-coincidence principle [Rock, 1983 The Logic of Perception (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)], and a version of the minimum principle in which the strength of the global solution depends on symmetry, whereas the strength of the splitting solution depends on the strength of local factors. In brief, global and local factors compete in determining the perceptual outcome in chromatically homogeneous surfaces.

scholarly journals Goodness of Regularity in Dot Patterns: Global Symmetry, Local Symmetry, and Their Interactions

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5794 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1305-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Nucci ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Global Symmetry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Operational Models ◽  
Local Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Short Presentation

Goodness is a classic Gestalt notion defined as salience or perceptual strength of a given pattern. All operational models of goodness have assigned a central role to mirror symmetry but not much attention has been paid to the distinction between global and local mirror symmetry, and their possible interactions. We designed eight different types of dot patterns (all consisting of 80 dots), combining different numbers (0, 1, and 2) and relative orientations (parallel or orthogonal to each other) of local and global axes of symmetry (affecting 50% or 100% of the dots, respectively) at different absolute orientations (vertical and horizontal). Each of 640 trials consisted of a short presentation of a new dot pattern, which subjects had to classify as regular or random. We hypothesised that the overall goodness of patterns is not the simple sum of the amount of regularity present in them but depends on the cooperation and competition between symmetries. The results confirmed our hypothesis, showing that performance in this regularity-detection task did not increase in a linear way when some symmetries were added to other symmetries.

Contemporary Machiavellian theses "The strategy of the role of the absurd state as a model"

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Hameed ◽  
Saif Hayder AL.Husainy
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Technologies

In the anarchism that governs the nature and patterns of international relations characterized by instability and uncertainty in light of several changes, as well as the information revolution and the resulting developments and qualitative breakthroughs in the field of scientific and advanced technological knowledge and modern technologies.  All of these variables pushed toward the information flow and flow tremendously, so rationality became an indispensable matter for the decision maker as he faces these developments and changes. There must be awareness and rationality in any activity or behavior because it includes choosing the best alternative and making the right decision and selecting the information accurately and mental processing Through a mental system based on objectivity, methodology, and accumulated experience away from idealism and imagination, where irrationality and anarchy are a reflection of the fragility of the decision-maker, his lack of awareness of the subject matter, his irresponsibility, and recklessness that inevitably leads to failure by wasting time and Effort and potential. The topic acquires its importance from a search in the strategies of the frivolous state and its characteristics with the ability to influence the regional, and what it revealed is a turning point in how to adapt from the variables and employ them to their advantage and try to prove their existence. Thus, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of the frivolous state in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends. The answer to this question stems from the main hypothesis that (the aim which the frustrating state seeks to prove is that it finds itself compelled to choose several strategies that start from the nature of its characteristics and the goals that aim at it, which are centered in the circle of its interests in the field of its struggle for the sake of its survival and area of influence).

The Indices of Creative Cities: the Global and Local Aspects

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Kačerauskas
Keyword(s):  
High Tech ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Creative Cities ◽  
Global And Local

The paper deals with the indices of creative cities. Author analyses the different creativity indices suggested by both the followers and the critics of R. Florida. The author criticizes the Florida’s indices such as Bohemian, Melting pot, Gay, High tech, Innovation, Talent indices, as well as Minor integrative (diversity) and Major integrative indices. The indices of other authors presuppose the questions about the role of the region in defining certain creativity indices. The author makes conclusion that the uniform formula of creativity indices is impossible for two reasons. First, the creativity indices depend on the region of a city. Second, the very strategy to have the uniform creativity indices makes the cities similar to each other and no more unique, consequently, no more creative; as result, this strategy is anti-creative.

scholarly journals Strategies and cognitive reserve to preserve lexical production in aging

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Baciu ◽  
Sonja Banjac ◽  
Elise Roger ◽  
Célise Haldin ◽  
Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Compensatory Strategies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complementary Domain

AbstractIn the absence of any neuropsychiatric condition, older adults may show declining performance in several cognitive processes and among them, in retrieving and producing words, reflected in slower responses and even reduced accuracy compared to younger adults. To overcome this difficulty, healthy older adults implement compensatory strategies, which are the focus of this paper. We provide a review of mainstream findings on deficient mechanisms and possible neurocognitive strategies used by older adults to overcome the deleterious effects of age on lexical production. Moreover, we present findings on genetic and lifestyle factors that might either be protective or risk factors of cognitive impairment in advanced age. We propose that “aging-modulating factors” (AMF) can be modified, offering prevention opportunities against aging effects. Based on our review and this proposition, we introduce an integrative neurocognitive model of mechanisms and compensatory strategies for lexical production in older adults (entitled Lexical Access and Retrieval in Aging, LARA). The main hypothesis defended in LARA is that cognitive aging evolves heterogeneously and involves complementary domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms, with substantial inter-individual variability, reflected at behavioral, cognitive, and brain levels. Furthermore, we argue that the ability to compensate for the effect of cognitive aging depends on the amount of reserve specific to each individual which is, in turn, modulated by the AMF. Our conclusion is that a variety of mechanisms and compensatory strategies coexist in the same individual to oppose the effect of age. The role of reserve is pivotal for a successful coping with age-related changes and future research should continue to explore the modulating role of AMF.

scholarly journals Pure spin photocurrent in non-centrosymmetric crystals: bulk spin photovoltaic effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haowei Xu ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Jian Zhou ◽  
Ju Li
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Photovoltaic Effect ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Spin Current ◽  
Pure Spin ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Topological Crystalline Insulator

AbstractSpin current generators are critical components for spintronics-based information processing. In this work, we theoretically and computationally investigate the bulk spin photovoltaic (BSPV) effect for creating DC spin current under light illumination. The only requirement for BSPV is inversion symmetry breaking, thus it applies to a broad range of materials and can be readily integrated with existing semiconductor technologies. The BSPV effect is a cousin of the bulk photovoltaic (BPV) effect, whereby a DC charge current is generated under light. Thanks to the different selection rules on spin and charge currents, a pure spin current can be realized if the system possesses mirror symmetry or inversion-mirror symmetry. The mechanism of BSPV and the role of the electronic relaxation time $$\tau$$ τ are also elucidated. We apply our theory to several distinct materials, including monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, anti-ferromagnetic bilayer MnBi2Te4, and the surface of topological crystalline insulator cubic SnTe.

Bridging the gap between interpersonal thought and action in early adolescence: The role of psychodynamic processes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Hickey Schultz ◽  
Robert L. Selman
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Urban Public School ◽  
Developmental Analysis

AbstractThis study examines the relations among style and development level of four interpersonal and intrapsychic processes: interpersonal thought, self-reported interpersonal action, mechanisms of defense, and object representation. Subjects were 25 girls and 25 boys from the eighth grade of an urban public school System. All four constructs were measured along developmental and stylistic dimensions. Both interpersonal thought and self-reported action processes were measured with the hypothetical and real-life interpersonal negotiation strategies interviews of Selman and colleagues. Defensive process was measured with a questionnaire revised to include Vaillant's developmental analysis of defense mechanisms as well as assessment of style of defense (internalizing vs. externalizing). Object representation style and level were measured with constructs and instruments of Blatt and colleagues. The results supported the main hypothesis: Levels of defense mechanisms and object representation independently predicted level of self-reported interpersonal action, even when controlling for level of interpersonal thought (which also predicted action). This suggests that if there are gaps between interpersonal thought and action levels, the relative level of maturity of psychodynamic processes helps explain action level. In contrast, there were few relationships among the stylistic components of the four constructs, although each style construct was related to its associated level construct. Contrary to hypotheses, no gender differences were found on any of the composited level or style variables. The study suggests operational links between structural-developmental and psychodynamic aspects of personality.

Global and local factors behind the authigenesis of Fe-silicates (Glauconite/Chamosite) in Miocene strata of Northern Tunisia

2021 ◽  
pp. 104342
Author(s):  
Abdelbasset Tounekti ◽  
Kamel Boukhalfa ◽  
Tathagata Roy Choudhury ◽  
Mohamed Soussi ◽  
Santanu Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Northern Tunisia ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
Global And Local

Structured Perceptual Input Imposes an Egocentric Frame of Reference—Pointing, Imagery, and Spatial Self-Consciousness

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5183 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Marcel ◽  
Christian Dobel
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Relative Location ◽  
Egocentric Frame ◽  
The World ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry

Perceptual input imposes and maintains an egocentric frame of reference, which enables orientation. When blindfolded, people tended to mistake the assumed intrinsic axes of symmetry of their immediate environment (a room) for their own egocentric relation to features of the room. When asked to point to the door and window, known to be at mid-points of facing (or adjacent) walls, they pointed with their arms at 180° (or 90°) angles, irrespective of where they thought they were in the room. People did the same when requested to imagine the situation. They justified their responses (inappropriately) by logical necessity or a structural description of the room rather than (appropriately) by relative location of themselves and the reference points. In eight experiments, we explored the effect on this in perception and imagery of: perceptual input (without perceptibility of the target reference points); imaging oneself versus another person; aids to explicit spatial self-consciousness; order of questions about self-location; and the relation of targets to the axes of symmetry of the room. The results indicate that, if one is deprived of structured perceptual input, as well as losing one's bearings, (a) one is likely to lose one's egocentric frame of reference itself, and (b) instead of pointing to reference points, one demonstrates their structural relation by adopting the intrinsic axes of the environment as one's own. This is prevented by providing noninformative perceptual input or by inducing subjects to imagine themselves from the outside, which makes explicit the fact of their being located relative to the world. The role of perceptual contact with a structured world is discussed in relation to sensory deprivation and imagery, appeal is made to Gibson's theory of joint egoreception and exteroception, and the data are related to recent theories of spatial memory and navigation.

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