scholarly journals Effect of replacing a commercial pelleted calf meal with lucerne leaf-meal on performance of neonatal and transitional Holstein heifer calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Joyce L. Marumo ◽  
Florence V. Nherera-Chokuda ◽  
Jones W. Ng'ambi ◽  
Mukengela C. Muya
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Large Ruminant ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

A study was conducted to (i) determine in vitro ruminal dry matter (DM) fermentation kinetics, effective rumen degradation of DM (EDDM), (ii) estimate energy fractions supply of lucerne leaf-meal (LLM) and composite diets of LLM with commercial pelleted calf meal and also (iii) determine the effects of substituting commercial pelleted calf meal with LLM on the intake, % ruminal nitrogen balance (RNB) and growth of the neonates (21–42 days old) and transition (43–56 days old) Holstein heifer calves. Forty-eight Holstein heifer calves were randomly assigned to three different dietary treatments in a complete randomised design of: (a) pelleted concentrate (PEL), (b) 65% pelleted concentrate: 35% LLM (P65 L35); (c) and 50% pelleted concentrate: 50% LLM (P50 L50). The study comprised of two experiments: neonatal (Experiment 1) and transition (Experiment 2) phases. Lucerne leaf-meal had gross energy of 16.2 MJ/kg and 25% crude protein DM. PEL diet was high in starch and bound protein compared with other diets. Inclusion of LLM in diets increased calcium levels but tended to decrease phosphorus levels. Calves were weaned at the age of 56 days. The feeds were incubated for 0, 4, 10, 18, 24 and 48 h using a DaisyII incubator. Rumen fluid was obtained from calves <50 days old. Large Ruminant Nutrition System was used to predict %RNB and energy density of the diets during neonatal and transition phases. Higher mean EDDM levels were found with LLM inclusions whereas fractions a, a + b and c did not vary. Neonates on diet C had higher (P < 0.05) daily DM and crude protein intakes, %RNB, total digestible nutrients, net energy at maintenance and net energy at gain during neonatal phase. Performance of calves was similar during the transition phase. LLM should be considered as a concentrate replacement in diets of neonates and calves.

scholarly journals Energy values and protein digestibility of soybean milk by-product in pigs based on in vitro assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Jung Yeol Sung ◽  
Bokyung Hong ◽  
Youngeun Song ◽  
Beob Gyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Soybean Milk ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Swine Diets

Background: Soybean milk by-product (SMBP) is a potential alternative feed ingredient in swine diets due to its high protein content. However, information on energy and nutritional values of SMBP used as swine feed ingredient is limited. Objective: To estimate energy values and protein digestibility of SMBP in pigs based on in vitro assays. Methods: Four SMBP samples were obtained from 3 soybean milk-producing facilities. In vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) and in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM) in the SMBP samples were determined. In vitro ileal disappearance of crude protein was determined by analyzing crude protein content in undigested residues after determining IVID of DM. Digestible and metabolizable energy of SMBP were estimated using gross energy, IVTTD of DM, and prediction equations. Results: Sample 4 had greater IVTTD of DM than that of sample 3 (97.7 vs. 94.4%, p<0.05), whereas IVID of DM in sample 4 was lower compared with sample 1 (53.5 vs. 65.0%, p<0.05). In vitro ileal disappearance of crude protein in sample 2 was greater than that in sample 1 and 3 (92.6 vs. 90.6 and 90.1%; p<0.05). The estimated metabolizable energy of SMBP ranged from 4,311 to 4,619 kcal/kg as-is basis and the value of sample 3 was the least (p<0.05) among SMBP samples. Conclusion: Energy values and protein digestibility should be determined before using SMBP in swine diets.

scholarly journals Ruminal In Vitro Protein Degradation and Apparent Digestibility of Energy and Nutrients in Sheep Fed Native or Ensiled + Toasted Pea (Pisum sativum) Grains

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bachmann ◽  
Christian Kuhnitzsch ◽  
Paul Okon ◽  
Siriwan D. Martens ◽  
Jörg M. Greef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Streptomyces Griseus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Throughput Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Gross Energy

Pea grains may partially replace soybean or rapeseed meals and cereals in ruminant diets, but substitution by unprocessed peas is limited by high ruminal protein solubility. The effect of combined ensiling and toasting of peas using a mobile toaster (100 kg/h throughput rate, 180 to 190 °C supplied air temperature) on rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) was tested in vitro using the Streptomyces griseus protease test. The effects of ensiling plus toasting on apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), and proximate nutrients were examined in a digestion trial. Concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) were calculated. Native peas had 38 g RUP/kg dry matter (DM), which was 20% of crude protein (CP). Rumen-undegraded protein increased three-fold after ensiling plus toasting (p < 0.001). Acid detergent insoluble protein increased five-fold. Apparent digestibility was 0.94 (OM), 0.90 (CP), and above 0.99 (nitrogen-free extract, starch, and sugars) and was not altered by the treatment. The ME (13.9 MJ/kg DM) or the NEL (8.9 MJ/kg DM) concentration was similar in native and ensiled plus toasted peas. This technique can easily be applied on farms and may increase RUP. However, it needs to be clarified under which conditions pea protein will be damaged.

scholarly journals Effect of extruding on ruminal disappearance and lower gastrointestinal tract digestion of white lupin seeds

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kibelolaud ◽  
M. Vernay ◽  
C. Bayourthe ◽  
R. Moncoulon
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Lupin Seeds

The effect of extruding white lupin (Lupinus albus 'Lublanc') seeds (WLS) at 110, 130, 150 or 180 °C on the in vitro solubility of crude protein (CP) and in sacco rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of rumen escape CP and fiber was determined. Rumen degradation was estimated by incubating nylon bags in the rumen of cows for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Extruding WLS at 110, 130, 150 and 180 °C reduced the CP-solubility by 32.8, 47.7, 58.4 and 67.5%, respectively. The effective ruminal degradabilities of CP, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were evaluated assuming a ruminal outflow rate of 0.06 h−1. Heating WLS at 110, 130, 150 and 180 °C decreased the ruminal degradability of CP value: 89.8, 79.9, 65.1, 61.8 vs. 93.4% (raw), respectively; the corresponding values for ADF and NDF were: 38.4, 35.3, 34.2, 27.6 vs. 43.6% (raw) and 37.7, 33.1, 32.2, 26.5 vs. 39.4% (raw). Postruminal digestion was estimated using a sequence of ruminal in situ incubation for 4, 8 and 16 h, in vitro incubation in an acid-pepsin bath for 3 h and a mobile nylon bag technique distal to the abomasum. Extrusion of WLS decreased the degradability of CP, ADF and NDF in the rumen with a corresponding increase in the amounts digested in the postruminal sections; the whole-tract digestibility was generally unchanged. Therefore, the processing shifted the digestion of these components from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract. Key words: White lupin seed, in vitro solubility, rumen degradability, postruminal digestion, crude protein, detergent fiber

scholarly journals PSI-4 Effects of increasing metabolizable protein on starch digestion in lightweight beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
Cierra Crowell ◽  
Sara Tondini ◽  
Miles Redden ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing MP on starch digestion in lightweight beef steers. Greater provision of metabolizable protein (MP) may increase RUP and aid in pancreatic amylase production for optimum digestion of starch in the small intestine. Twelve crossbred steers were early weaned and used in a crossover design with two 18-day periods and 4 dietary treatments. Lightweight steers (BW = 153 kg) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence for the 2 periods. Diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg/d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Additional MP was provided through greater inclusion of blood meal. Feed and total feces were collected on d 12-18 to determine total tract starch digestion. Rumen fluid was sampled prior to feeding on d 17 via stomach tube to assess in vitro starch disappearance over 8 h for each steer. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment and period, and a random effect of steer. Starch intake was not affected (P = 0.18) by treatment with MP1 and MP4 having similar starch intake values (3.3 kg/d and 3.1 kg/d, respectively). In vitro starch disappearance and final in vitro pH were not affected (P ≥ 0.18) by increasing MP. Similarly, fecal starch output was not different (P = 0.65) among treatments with MP1 treated steers having 0.21 kg/d of starch output and MP4 steers having 0.18 kg/d of starch output. Low fecal starch output values resulted in high total tract starch digestion ranging from 90-96% and were not affected (P = 0.52) by treatment. Overall, increasing dietary MP did not affect ruminal in vitro or total tract starch digestion.

scholarly journals Fermentabilitas ruminal secara in vitro suplementasi tepung daun gamal, kelor, randu dan sengon dalam konsentrat hijau

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Eko Marhaeniyanto ◽  
Sri Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Ceiba Pentandra ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The aim of this research was to study the in vitro ruminal fermentability of supplementation of <em>Gliricidia sepium, Moringa oleifera</em>, Lamk (<em>MOL</em>), <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed to be tested on sheep.<strong> </strong>This research with the experimental methods was arranged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 3 groups. The treatment feed tested consisted of concentrate without leaves and concentrate with leaf meal supplementation. Crude protein content (CP) concentrates were prepared 16%, 18% and 20%. Supplementation uses a mixture of <em>Gliricidia sepium, MOL</em>, <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed (1: 1: 1: 1) as much as 10%, 20% and 30%. The measured variables were  degradation of dry matter (DDM) and degradation of organic matter (DOM), gas production rate, microbial biomass and NH<sub>3</sub> concentration. The use of mixed leaf meal in concentrate feed resulted in in vitro DDM as well as concentrate feed without leaf meal supplementation. Supplementation of leaf meal in concentrate feed as much as 30% with CP 20% resulted in a decrease in the value of fermentability. The supplementation of leaf meal in concentrate feed as much as 20% in concentrate feed with CP 18% produced the best fermentability value. Suggested for in-vivo trials on sheep using 18% protein concentrate feed by utilizing <em>Gliricidia sepium, MOL</em>, <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed as cheap protein sources.

scholarly journals Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 2. Rumen degradation, fermentation and kinetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
H. De Visser ◽  
H. Huisert ◽  
A. Klop ◽  
R.S. Ketelaar
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Gluten Feed

In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment the effects of DM content and/or the extent of fermentation in grass silages on the pattern of rumen fermentation and rumen kinetics were studied. In a separate study two cows were used to measure the rate of degradation using the dacron bag technique. Four rumen cannulated dairy cows were used to measure rumen fermentation pattern, rumen kinetics were measured in three of these animals. Basal diets (70% of total DM) consisted of maize silage, moist ensiled beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, moist ensiled brewers' grains and a concentrate mixture. The remainder of the diet (30% of total DM) was wilted grass silage (WGS), high moisture grass silage with molasses (MGS), high moisture silage with formic acid (FGS) or wilted grass silage with additional water (WW). All diets were fed as complete feeds. pH of the rumen fluid was lower on the MGS and FGS diets. Concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid, ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) were highest on high moisture diets (MGS and FGS). Rates of clearance and digestion of the organic matter (OM) fractions were or showed tendencies towards being negatively influenced by both MGS and FGS, but remained unaffected by WGS and WW. Degradability of the grass silages was influenced by fermentation in the silo (lower digestible fractions and higher soluble fractions), as were rates of degradation (higher). Results of the degradability measured on the basal diet ingredients were in agreement with published literature and showed a strong correlation between OM digestibility in vitro and the undigestible fraction.

scholarly journals PSIX-37 Evaluation of reducing dietary crude protein concentrations coupled with increasing essential amino acids on growth performance in fattening pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 351-352
Author(s):  
S-M Hong ◽  
D Jung ◽  
S-J You
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Abstract A body of evidence suggests that low-protein diets in swine have benefits in view of environmental stewardship and economic returns. The present study was performed to evaluate essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation in the diets with reducing crude protein (CP) concentrations on growth performance in fattening pigs. We hypothesized that a low-CP diet with elevated EAA concentrations would result in similar growth performance in fattening pigs compared with a normal CP diet. Eighty finishing pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 72.0 ± 5.34 kg were assigned in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to test 4 dietary treatments: 1) 15.5% CP with EAA concentration at 109% of NRC requirement (control); 2) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 111% of NRC requirement (EAA111); 3) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 113% of NRC requirement (EAA113); and 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 115% of NRC requirement (EAA115). The diets were isocaloric, whereas crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Val were added to the diets to achieve the varying levels of EAA in the treatments. The Lys-to-net energy ratio in the diets was maintained at 3.06, 3.12, 3.18, and 3.24 to the control, EAA111, EAA113, and EAA115, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect final BW. Additionally, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar across the treatments. On average, pigs fed the control and EAA111 numerically decreased FCR compared to those fed EAA113 and 115 (3.21 vs. 3.35, respectively; P = 0.46). Total feed cost throughout the experiment was $9.0/head lessen in EAA111 relative to the control; however, total feed costs to EAA113 and EAA115 were greater than the control. In summary, a low-CP diet with increased EAA supplementations did not have any negative impact on growth performance of fattening pigs.

A survey of some in vitro methods used for animal nutrition research and extension work in Europe: the differences between the references and the truth

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 338-340
Author(s):  
C. R. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Concerted Action ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Extension Work ◽  
Nutritional Needs

As animal nutritionists are generally very cautious about using chemical analysis only for defining nutritional needs for livestock and as in vivo experiments are long, costly and subject to animal welfare legislation, much emphasis is placed on various in vitro analyses which are often regarded as being very informative in the absence of in vivo data. In vitro analyses may be applied to dry- (DMD) and organic-matter (OMD) digestibility and crude protein (CP) degradability (DG) and may involve ‘live’ cultures such as rumen fluid or gastric juices or ‘dead’ extracts containing enzymes. As part of an EU-funded Concerted Action (see Acknowledgements), a survey of the methods adopted for in vitro determinations (in vitro OMD, in vitro DG) for ruminants, pigs and poultry is underway: this paper presents a progress report of the information received to date concerning ruminant methods.The participants in the Concerted Action were asked to provide details of the in vitro methods actually in use in their countries, with particular attention to the methods used by the so-called Feed Information Centres (i.e. Feed Evaluation Units) for routine analyses (i.e. not experimental work). The participants supplied details of modifications and/or references to methods and this information was collated and circulated for checking and comment.

scholarly journals Digestibility and net energy prediction of rice by products determined with piglets

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciele Dalise Schirmann ◽  
Leonardo Tombesi da Rocha ◽  
Henrique da Costa Mendes Muniz ◽  
Josué Sebastiany Kunzler ◽  
Micheli Faccin Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Prediction ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
By Products

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, digestibility, and net energy (NE) of broken rice (BRR), stabilized rice bran (SRB), and parboiled rice bran (PRB) for piglets. Two digestibility trials were performed with 12 and 18 male pigs with initial weights of 8 and 16kg, respectively. We performed total fecal collection using ferric oxide as fecal marker. The digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy were higher (P<0.001) for the BRR compared to the SRB and PRB. The PRB presented a digestible energy 2% lower than that of BR and 5% higher than that of SRB. For BRR, average NE value was 3,228kcal/kg dry matter (DM), and the difference between the lower and higher value was 311kcal/kg DM. Average NE values of SRB and PRB were 2,896 and 3,293kcal/kgDM, respectively. The difference between the energy predicted by each equation reached 190kcal/kgDM for SRB and 285kcal/kgDM for PRB. In conclusion, BRR showed higher nutrient digestibility coefficients, except for EE and GE, which can be attributed to differences in the production processes. Regardless of the type of feedstuff tested, equations to predict NE values should be used carefully due to considerable differences in energy content.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document