Health management of beef cattle: A case study

The reports about how are farmers able to prevent, identify and treat the animal diseases to not get worse while the production is still maintained, are limited. The application of the standard good farming practices is also not well documented. Therefore, to provide adequate information about beef cattle health management in smallholders, especially in Indonesia; this study was conducted at "Putra Nusa " Beef Cattle Group, located in Kalensari Hamlet, Kondangjajar Village, Cijulang District, Pangandaran Regency. The study was carried out by survey and observation to determine the farmers' level of knowledge about health, care and treatment of beef cattle. The result showed that farmers do not have a background in animal health, resulting in a lack of knowledge about beef cattle health management. Most breeders rely on natural ingredients to treat sick animals. Farmer's concern about vaccination and routine anthelmintic administration was only about 15% and 22%, respectively, contributed to the increase of helminthiasis cases (45%). Improve the knowledge about cattle diseases supported by the easy access to veterinarian will minimize the losses of breeders.

Production and production risk of broiler farms In the Regency of North Minahasa - Indonesia

The broiler is one of the potential husbandry commodities to be developed, but its development faces various risks, particularly production risk. This is indicated by fluctuating mortality of broiler in each period. This research aimed to analyze some production factors determining production and production risk of broiler production activity in the Regency of North Minahasa, Province of North Sulawesi. In addition, the research's site was purposively determined, such as six villages representing three districts (District of Dimembe, Kauditan, and Kalawat) having the largest population of breeders under partnership program in the Regency of North Minahasa. From each village, then, breeders were selected by sampling method, comprising 27 breeders of Village of Dimembe, 18 breeders of Village of Matungkas, 19 breeders of Village of Kauditan Satu, 16 breeders of Village of Kauditan Dua, 13 breeders of Village of Kolongan and 10 breeders of Village of Suwaan. The sample of breeders was 100 respondents of the breeder. Further, data collected by survey and analyzed employing Just and Pope Analysis to know some production impacts against production and production risk of broiler. In conclusion, the research shows that the variable of a total of feed, heater, ammotrol, rice husk, and a total of labors could improve broiler production, and variable of Day Old Chick (DOC) could decrease broiler production. Variable of a total of feed, vitamin, rice husk, and a total of labors could decrease production risk of broiler, but a total of a day of chicks could increase production risk of broiler.

Production performance and meat quality of local ducks fed rations containing extract of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flowers and betel (Piper Betle linn) leaves

Compared to chickens, ducks still have low productivity and other limitations. One of the causes of these problems might be attributed to the off-odor found in duck meat. Therefore, production performance and meat quality of ducks need to be improved. The inclusion of extracts of betel (Piper betle Linn) leaves and torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flowers wereas done to improve production performance and meat quality of local ducks. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of the inclusion of betel leaves and torch ginger flowers in the basal rations on production performance and meat quality of local ducks in the growing phase. A completely randomized factorial design in 4 x 4 with three replicates was used. The first factor consisted of four levels of torch ginger flower solution, namely 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%. The second factor consisted of four levels of betel leaf solution, namely 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%. Results showed that no significant differences (P>0.05) were found in body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, mortality rate and meat quality (pH, water holding capacity, tenderness and cooking loss). It was concluded that the inclusion of extract of betel leaves and torch ginger flowers did not improve production performance and meat quality of male local ducks.

Trade and cooperation opportunities for the MERCOSUR countries in the livestock sector and beef meat in Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest economy in the Southeast Asia region, with the largest population in that region as well. Therefore, each productive and industrial sector that helps the growth and development of the country and its population gets attraction. The livestock sector can be a good example of the above. In this sense, the countries that make up the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), that is, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Venezuela is suspended) can contribute to develop the livestock sector in Indonesia, looking for further cooperation and business opportunities that can also help to improve the well-being of Indonesians. The objective in this article will be to make a brief approach to the Indonesian livestock sector in general and the beef market, to understand how the MERCOSUR countries could contribute to the development of that. The results of the analysis indicate that Indonesia should develop its livestock sector using best practices that contribute to sustainable development, with support from the public sector. The use of new technologies could contribute to the improvement of the sector, and bovine genetics can contribute to a greater and better supply. It is concluded that the MERCOSUR countries have opportunities to contribute to the growth and development of the livestock sector in Indonesia, through the signing of relevant legal agreements both at the bilateral level and, in the case of MERCOSUR, acting as a bloc.

In vitro gas production and its prediction on metabolize energy of complete feed using rumen fluid of three Indigenous cattle as inoculum taken from abattoir

In vitro gas production (IVGP) technique has been routinely used to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The pre-requisite of using rumen fluid from fistulae animals is now facing a raising pressure from the animal welfare organization to ban this practice. Alternatively, rumen fluid (RF) from abattoir has been suggested to be used as source of inoculum by a number of scientists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of rumen fluid taken from cattle that were slaughtered at Surabaya abattoir as inoculum for IVGP measurement and its prediction on metabolic energy (ME) of a complete feed. Fresh rumen fluid of three indigenous cattle, namely Ongole Cross Breed (OCB), Madura (MC) and Bali Cattle (BC) was transferred into a vacuum thermo flask and immediately transported to the animal nutrition laboratory of Brawijaya University for further processes to measure IVGP of complete feed in a completely randomized block design with two replicates each. Gas production was monitored at time intervals and terminated after 48 hours incubation in the oxygen-free glass syringes at 38°C. Feed degradability was calculated by gravimetric method at 48 hours, while prediction of ME content was based on 24 h GP and estimated using the equation described by Menke and Steingass (1979).The results demonstrated that inoculum from OCB resulted in the superiority in all parameters, namely total GP (ml/500 mg DM), potential of GP (ml/500 mg DM), rate constant of gas production for insoluble fraction (ml/hour), and estimated ME content (MJ/DM) compared with MC and BC. Based on these findings it can be concluded that the fermentation process of complete feed in the rumen of OCB is more efficient than MC and BC which reflects to the more efficient interaction among rumen microbes to ferment the feed ingredients.

Performance native chicken treated by different stocking density and litter type

This research was aimed to determine the effect of different stocking density and different litter materials on the production performance of native chicken. Material of yhis study was 324-day old chick (DOC) native chickens, reared for 12 weeks. The DOC were randomly devided into 9 treatment groups include a combination of 3 stocking density (8, 12 and 16 bird/m2) and 3 litter materials (rice hulls, wood shavings and corncobs) in 3 replication. A completely randomized factorial design was an applied in the study then followed by Duncan's multiple range tests. The parameters observed were feed consumption (g/bird/12 weeks), body weight gain (g/bird), feed conversion ratio, and mortality (%). The results showed that feed consumption had affected by stocking density (p<0.05), but it had not affected by litter materials type. Feed consumption at densities of 8, 12 and 16 bird/m2 was 3890; 4020 and 4061 g/bird respectively. The highest feed consumption was obtained at a density of 16 bird/m2. Weight gain, feed conversion and mortality had not affected by stocking density and litter material. It can concluded that the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality is same for stocking density 8,12 and 16 bird/m2 an d same for litter type of rice hulls, wood shaving and corncob.

Identification of determining factors size and shape Simbal cattle and Brahman Cross cattle in Pamenang Barat Merangin district

This study aims to determine the determinants of size and shape of Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle in the West Pamenang sub-district, Merangin district. The method of this study was a survey with a purposive sampling technique. Sampling criteria included: Sample of each breeds consisted of 60 Simbal and 60 Brahman Cross cattle aged 1-2 years. Data observed included: body length, shoulder height, chest circumference, inside chest, chest width, canon circumference, hip height, body weight, and body weight gain. The differences in body measurements between Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle analyzed by T-test. Identification of the determinants of size and shape of Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle were analyzed using Main Component Analysis method. The results of this study were body weight, body weight gain, and body measurements of Simbal cattle were significantly different (P <0.05) higher than Brahman Cross cattle, both male and female. Simbal cattle and male Brahman Cross cattle were significantly different (P <0.05) higher than females. The conclusion shows that body weight, body weight gain, and body measurements of Simbal cattle are higher than Brahman Cross cattle. Male body weight gain was higher than females in both Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle. The determining factor for the body size of Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle is chest circumference, while the determining factor for body shape of Simbal cattle is the height of shoulders, while Brahman Cross is body length. The highest correlation between body measurements and body weight in Simbal and Brahman Cross cattle, both male and femal is chest circumference (LD).

Enzim suplementation in the quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) diet containing Indigofera Zolingeriana on performance and metabolizable energy

This study aims to evaluate the effect of protease enzyme supplementation and NSP on feed containing I. Zollingeriana to improve performance and metabolic energy in quails. This study used 192 female quails with a Coturnix-coturnix japonica strain aged 42 days. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD), with four treatments and four replications, with treatments being R1 = Basal Feed, R2 = Feed containing 10% I. Zollingeriana, R3 = R1 + protease enzyme, and R4 = R1 + NSP enzyme. The parameters observed in this study were feed consumption, hen day, egg mass production, feed conversion, mortality, and metabolic energy. The results showed that feeding containing 10% of I. Zollingeriana was able to increase the consumption, decrease the egg mass production, increase feed convertion and reduce the nitrogen retention. The addition of the NSP enzyme can increase quil performance which were fed containing 10% I. Zollingeriana. The use of NSP and protease enzymes can increase the retention value of quail ration containing I. Zollingeriana leaves.

Response size of Digestive organs of Broiler that are fed containing Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) different levels of protein with protease enzyme supplementation

This research was conducted to evaluate the use of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), the level of protein diet, and the supplementation of protease enzymes to the size response of the starter phase of Broiler chicken digestive organs. Birds used in this study were 48 broilers of male chickens which were distributed into 3 observation factors and 3 replications (each replication consisted of 2 samples). The observation factor is Factor 1 are ingredients (basal diet based on soybean meal and a diet containing Jack bean), the second factor is the level of protein (22% and 19.5%) and the third factor is enzyme treatment (without enzymes and the addition of proteases). The design used was a completely randomized factorial design (RALF) and analysis of variance. The results showed that the decrease in protein level (from 22% to 19.5%) significantly high (P <.0.01) increased the length of the jejunum but could be reduced to produce the same length as basal feed (PK 22%) with the addition of the protease enzyme. The use of Jack bean significantly (P <0.05) increases the length of the jejunum but is reduced by the addition of the protease enzyme to the same as the basal diet produced by soybean meal. The addition of protease enzymes significantly reduced ileum weight and total small intestine weight (P <0.05) and significantlydecreased jejunum length (P <0.01). There was no interaction between ingredient, level of protein, and protease enzymes on size response of digestibility broiler organ.

Feed protein utilization and nitrogen emission of young and mature Kejobong goats fed different ratios of concentrate and forage

This study aimed to evaluate feed protein utilization and nitrogen emission of young and mature Kejobong goats fed different concentrations of concentrate and forage. Sixteen heads of male Kejobong goats consisted of eight heads young goats (5 months old) and eight heads mature goats (9 months old) with initial body weight (BW) of 14 ± 1.46 kg, and 22.3 ± 1.99 kg, respectively were arranged in a nested design. All goats were fed with two different rations of concentrate and forage (C30 = 30% concentrate: 70% forage and C70 = 70% concentrate: 30% forage). The data were analyzed using ANOVA procedure. This study showed that the average daily gain (ADG) did not differ (p>0.05) in both ages, but it differed (p<0.05) in concentrate levels. The ADG of goats fed C70 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of goats fed C30 in both ages. The digestible crude protein (DCP) of young and mature goats was similar (p>0.05), while there was a significantly difference (p<0.05) between the treatments. There were no effects of different ages of goats and concentrate levels on feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p>0.05). The different ages of goats and concentrate levels affected N retention (g/day) and total N2O emission (g/day). It was concluded that ADG, DCP and FCR did not differ in mature and young Kejobong goats, while young goats had less N2O emissions than mature goats. Goats fed 70% of concentrate improved their ADG, DCP, N retention (g/day) and produced less N2O emission.