Dried whole cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) nuts as an alternative energy feedstuff for beef cattle grazing tropical pasture

Context Cupuassu is frequently cultivated in Brazil as well as in the warm lowlands of other tropical American countries. Cupuassu nut contains high levels of theobromine and ether extra ct, which could negatively affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients, when included in livestock diets. Aims The present study was undertaken to evaluate how replacing maize with cupuassu nut affects feed intake, efficiency of microbial synthesis and nitrogen (N) balance in Nellore bulls at pasture. Methods Five Nellore bulls with an initial bodyweight of 336.7 ± 12.8 kg (mean ± s.d.) were kept in individual paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Concentrate supplements containing equal amounts of N and different concentrations of dried whole cupuassu nut (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% replacement of maize) were fed to bulls in a 5 × 5 latin square design, with each animal allocated to each diet for a period of 20 days, including a 14-day period of adaptation. Key results Intake of all dietary components and total digestible nutrients, except ether extract, theobromine and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, decreased linearly with the addition of cupuassu. Theobromine intake varied from 13.86 (25% cupuassu nut) to 36.67 (100% cupuassu nut) mg/kg bodyweight. The inclusion of cupuassu in the supplement led to a linear decrease in ruminal ammonia-N concentration, N balance, and efficiency of microbial synthesis. Conclusion Replacing maize with dried whole cupuassu nut in concentrate supplements reduces the intake of DM from both supplement and pasture, the efficiency of microbial synthesis, and the N balance in grazing beef cattle. Implications The replacement of maize by dried whole nut of cupuassu in concentrate supplements for grazing cattle is not recommended because it reduces supplement intake and nitrogen retention, and it is likely to decrease liveweight gain.

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Ingestive diurnal behaviour of grazing beef cattle

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1335 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1335

Author(s):

Josilaine Aparecida da Costa Lima ◽

Henrique Jorge Fernandes ◽

Aline Gomes da Silva ◽

Gumercindo Loriano Franco ◽

Edneia Pereira Rosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Observation Time ◽

Significance Level ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Mineral Supplementation ◽

Grazing Cattle ◽

And Gender ◽

Ingestive Behaviour ◽

Supplement Intake ◽

Diurnal Behaviour

Three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of supplementation (concentrate or mineral supplementation), supplementation strategy (continuous or strategic supplementation) and gender class on the ingestive and diurnal behaviour of grazing beef cattle. To evaluate the effect of the supplementation (Experiment 1) and the gender class (Experiment 3) on their diurnal behaviour, behaviour visualisations were performed by two people at observation stations outside the picket area with the aid of binoculars. The animal behaviour was classified as: supplement intake, grazing, water intake, standing ruminating, standing idle, lying ruminating, lying idle and walking. To evaluate the effect of the supplementation strategy on the ingestive behaviour of the supplement (Experiment 2), refusals of the supplement were weighed for six consecutive days at different times (20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 480 and 1,440 minutes) after the concentrate was supplied. The intake of concentrate per animal, at each observation time, was calculated by subtracting the weight of the scraps at that time from the total weight of the batch of supplement provided on the day, and dividing the result by the number of animals in each batch. Finally, a logistic model was adjusted for each treatment. A 10% significance level was adopted for all statistical procedures. Concentrate supplementation reduced the time that the animals spent grazing. The continuous supplementation strategy affected the uniformity of the supplement intake speed, without affecting the average speed or the total supplement intake. The gender class of the animals also influenced their diurnal behaviour, castrated males spent more time lying, compared to females. The specificities of cattle behaviour should be considered when delineating the supplementation of grazing cattle, since the type of supplement, previous supplementation and gender class interfere with their behaviour.

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84 Effect of incorporating forage pea (c.v. Pisium sativum L.) into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 73-73

Author(s):

Alex Pursley ◽

Bill Biligetu ◽

Tom Warkentin ◽

Bart Lardner ◽

Greg B Penner

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Inclusion Rate ◽

Protein Supply

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of inclusion rate of pea hay in barley and oat hay when fed to beef cattle. Six ruminally-cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square with a 2 × 3 factorial design and 25-d periods. Treatments included barley or oat hay blended with pea hay to achieve inclusion rates of 0, 15, or 30% (DM basis). Pea inclusion increased DMI (P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg/d, and generally reduced sorting (P ≤ 0.006) against NDF and ADF compared to the cereal-only treatments. Pea inclusion decreased CP digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments, but did not affect the predicted microbial protein supply or nitrogen retention (P ≥ 0.77). Pea inclusion did not affect total ruminal SCFA concentration, but increased the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and decreased the molar proportion of propionate (P ≤ 0.01). While cereal type did not affect DMI (P = 0.36) or total SCFA concentration (P = 0.61), use of oat hay improved DM digestibility (67.73 vs. 63.22% for oat and barley, respectively; P < 0.001) and increased nitrogen retention (P = 0.03) when compared to barley. Overall, incorporating pea into cereal hay increased DMI, reduced CP digestibility, and altered ruminal fermentation.

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Crude glycerine as an alternative energy feedstuff for beef cattle grazing tropical pasture

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000119 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (5) ◽

pp. 839-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. M. SOCREPPA ◽

K. A. K. MORAES ◽

A. S. OLIVEIRA ◽

E. D. BATISTA ◽

L. C. A. B. DROSGHIC ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Crude Glycerine ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

N Utilization ◽

Energy Supplementation ◽

Four Levels

SUMMARYThe purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude glycerine (CG, 810·9 g glycerol/kg) replacing dry ground maize on intake, digestibility, microbial nitrogen (N) synthesis and N utilization in grazing beef cattle. Five Nellore bulls (332 ± 29·6 kg initial body weight (BW)) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The animals grazed five Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) paddocks of approximately 0·32 ha. Five supplements were evaluated: mineral supplementation (control, only ad libitum access to a mineral mixture) and 4 g of protein-energy supplementation/kg of BW with four levels of CG (0, 330, 660 and 1000 g/kg) replacing dry ground maize. Bulls that received protein-energy supplementation had greater organic matter (OM) pasture and digested OM (DOM) intakes than the control. No differences were observed among CG levels with regard to OM pasture, neutral detergent fibre and DOM intakes. However, ether extract intake increased linearly as CG levels increased. Protein-energy supplementation enhanced efficiency of microbial N synthesis, N balance and ammonia concentration, but they were not influenced by the CG levels. In conclusion, partial or total replacement of dry ground maize by CG in protein-energy supplements for grazing beef cattle exerted no changes on pasture intake, digestibility and N utilization. Therefore, the use of CG as an energy source in supplements for grazing cattle can be recommended.

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PSII-4 Changes in abundance of ruminal bacteria associated with urea level and tannin supplementation in grazing beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.712 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 406-407

Author(s):

Iorrano A Cidrini ◽

Yury G Salcedo ◽

Kenia L G C Alves ◽

Laura F Prados ◽

Gustavo R Siqueira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Latin Square ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Ruminal Bacteria ◽

Urea Level ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Urochloa Brizantha

Abstract The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of tannins extract (TN) associated to two levels of urea in the supplement of grazing beef cattle on ruminal bacterial abundance. Were used eight rumen cannulated Nellore steers (293 kg ± 5.6 BW) in a double Latin square 4 x 4 (four periods of 28 each and four supplements: LU = low urea without TN; LUT = low urea plus TN; HU = high urea without TN and HUT = high urea plus TN). Steers grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and were supplemented at 3 g/kg BW cwith soybean meal, corn, mineral mix and two levels of urea (3% or 5%) associated or not to TN (SilvaFeed-ByPro at 0.7 g / kg). Samples of ruminal content were collected after supplementation (+ 3h), V3/V4 regions of 16SrRNA gene was sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq. Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME v.1.9.1) were used to filter reads and determine Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). DESeq2 differential abundance analysis were performed using each steer on LU supplement as own control on others supplements and evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test considering statistical significance at P < 0.10. Only 5 OTUs differed significantly between treatments. Enterorhabdus.spp population were less abundant in HU, but TN was able to reduce the abundance in both LUT and HUT(P = 0.049). The ruminal abundance of Streptococcus.spp (P = 0.026), Fusobacterium.spp (P = 0.053) and Synergistes.spp (P = 0.048) was reduced by TN, but had no effect of urea level. Enterorhabdus.spp, Streptococcus.spp and Fusobacterium.spp are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, ruminal acidosis and to liver abscesses in cattle, respectively. Betaproteobacteria class were less abundant in HU treatment (P = 0.048), this heterogeneous class bacterial content some nitrogen fixing bacteria and some pathogens important in plants and animals. In conclusion, TN reduced the ruminal population of important ruminal pathogens bacterial.

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Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100022935 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 359-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Ivan ◽

L. R. Giles ◽

A. R. Alimon ◽

D. J. Farrell

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Matter Energy ◽

Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

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Dietary rambutan peel powder as a rumen modifier in beef cattle

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 763-769

Author(s):

Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽

Metha Wanapat

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Napier Grass ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Negative Effect

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle.Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice.Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered.Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.

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Replacing soybean meal with yeast-fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, rumen microorganism, fermentation, and N-balance in Thai native beef cattle

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-020-02228-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 2035-2041 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sukruthai Sommai ◽

Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽

Chaowarit Mapato ◽

Pajaree Totakul ◽

Bounnaxay Viennasay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

N Balance ◽

Cassava Pulp ◽

Rumen Microorganism

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Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Fed Supplement Intake, Feeding Behaviour, and Growth Rate as Affected by Forage Quantity and Quality of Rotationally Grazed Beef Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9121129 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José A. Imaz ◽

Sergio García ◽

Luciano A. González

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Real Time ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

Nutritional Management ◽

Feeding Frequency ◽

High Feed ◽

Supplement Intake

Supplement intake and liveweight (LW) data were collected daily and remotely by digital in-paddock technologies (electronic feeder (EF) and walk-over-weighing scale (WOW)) to study the effect of forage quantity and quality on the intake of a self-fed supplement (molasses-lick blocks (MLB)), LW, liveweight change (LWC), and feeding behaviour of grazing beef cattle. Fifty-two crossbred weaners were rotationally grazed or fed for 254 days on different forages: sudangrass (SG), autumn pastures (P), winter pastures with concentrate (P+C), oat crops (OC), lucerne hay (LH), and oaten hay (OH). Forage quantity and quality were measured on the day of entry (high feed availability) and exit (low feed availability) stages of grazing or hay delivery. The intake of MLB was 111% higher (p < 0.05) at low compared to high feed availability, and this was also reflected in the feeding behaviour of animals (e.g., greater feeding frequency and rate). Moreover, there was a large temporal variability of daily MLB intake (Coefficient of variation (CV) = 146.41%). Supplementing MLB improved LWC only with SG, P, or OH (p < 0.05). The behaviour of animals around MLB reflects changes in feed quantity and quality and could be used to enhance cattle grazing and nutritional management in real time.

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Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo S Goulart ◽

Ricardo A M Vieira ◽

Joao L P Daniel ◽

Rafael C Amaral ◽

Vanessa P Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Rumen Content ◽

Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

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