Grain and malting quality in two-row spring barley are influenced by grain filling moisture

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Paynter ◽  
K. J. Young
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Lindwall) was sown in 2 experiments in 1995 and 1 experiment in 1996 in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia to examine the effect of varying moisture supply during grain filling on grain and malting quality. Drip irrigation (T-tape) to the soil surface was used to simulate rainfall. Plots were sown without rainout shelters and no rain fell during the linear phase of grain filling in all 3 experiments. The control plot received no irrigation. Irrigation treatments in 1995 were a once only 25 mm application at either 80, 185, 270, or 460 growing degree-days after awn emergence. Irrigation treatments in 1996 were a once-only 25-mm application at either 185 or 460 growing degree-days after awn emergence or a weekly irrigation treatment of 25 mm (total application of 75 mm over 3 irrigations). No attempt was made to compensate for evaporation or to match plant demand. This study demonstrated improvements in grain plumpness, grain quality, and malting quality with a single 25-mm irrigation during the early linear stages of grain filling (20–40% complete as percentage of final grain weight) in water stressed plants. The irrigation resulted in increased average grain weight, grain yield, amount of maltable grain, and malt extract and decreased the amount of grain passing through a 2.5-mm slotted sieve, grain protein concentration and diastase. This single irrigation, however, was not sufficient to change screening levels to meet receival standards for malting barley and demonstrated the effect of moisture stress on narrow-grained cultivars such as Lindwall. A single irrigation earlier than 20% grain fill completed had a smaller effect on grain plumpness, grain quality, and malting quality. A single irrigation during the latter part of grain filling (>90% grain fill completed) had little or no effect on grain plumpness, grain quality, or malting quality. Weekly irrigation in 1996 had a bigger effect than a single irrigation and demonstrated the environmental limitation to quality in that season. Weekly irrigation increased average grain weight by 10 mg relative to control plots, reduced screenings from 88% to 18% through a 2.5-mm sieve, increased grain yields by 88%, increased malt extract by 3%, and decreased diastase by 116 pabah. There was no effect on grain modification or wort viscosity. Viscometric analysis of the barley flour showed a higher time to peak viscosity of the control, which suggests that gelatinisation temperatures were being decreased by irrigation in 1996.

Are temperature effects on weight and quality of barley grains modified by resource availability?

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Passarella ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Source Sink

Under field conditions the occurrence of brief periods of moderately high (30–32°C) and very high temperatures (>35°C) is quite common during grain filling in small-grain cereals. These events occur under a wide range of different management and environmental conditions, such as different nitrogen supplies and source–sink ratios after flowering. The objective of the present work was to study whether the effect of a brief heat stress is modified by resource availability for the growing grains. We subjected spikes of barley 10 days after flowering to a heat treatment in factorial combination with different nitrogen availabilities and source–sink ratios during post-flowering to determine effects on grain weight and major malting quality attributes. Grain weight and screening percentage (proportion of grains <2.5 mm) were reduced by the mild heat stress. However, the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the nitrogen fertilisation and the source–sink treatments in which the heat stress was imposed. Grain protein and β-glucan percentages were increased by both nitrogen fertilisation and heat stress. Again, the magnitude of the increase was dependent upon the availability of resources. There was a trend to reduce malt extract in all treatments with respect to the control, but the reduction was only statistically significant with heat stress.

Grain weight and malting quality in barley as affected by brief periods of increased spike temperature under field conditions

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Passarella ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage

High temperature is usually one of the most important stresses during grain filling affecting both yield and quality in barley crops. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess in the field the effects of short periods of high temperature, using transparent boxes covering only the spikes, with thermostatically controlled electric resistance for increasing the temperature. Treatments consisted of 2 malting cultivars and 5 heat treatments of high temperatures (8�C above the environmental temperature for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days) over different periods during grain filling. Final grain weight was reduced by 2–14%, depending on the timing of heat stress and the genotype. There was a significant increase in grain nitrogen percentage in both cultivars, and grain β-glucans decreased with high temperatures in Logan and were unchanged in Beka. The resulting malt extract was reduced with exposure to high temperatures, depending on the cultivar, implying that even mild heat stress may change malting performance.

scholarly journals Grain quality traits important in feed barley

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Māra Bleidere ◽  
Zinta Gaile
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Northern Areas

Grain quality traits important in feed barley Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) traditionally has been a major cereal crop for animal feed especially in Northern areas and also in Latvia. It is complicated to define what the ideal feed barley should be, as the requirements widely differ not only for different species, but even for different age groups of the same species of animals. Therefore, the breeding of feed barley has been developing very slowly and building on the basis of agronomic and beer barley quality parameters. Targeted breeding of barley varieties for a definite application purpose of the grain is connected with selection according to different criteria. The present article shows that the feed quality of barley is influenced both by physical grain quality indicators (colour, grain weight and size, hull content, 1000 grain weight, volume weight and grain hardness) and by the chemical composition (carbohydrates, non-starch polysaccharides, amino acids, fibre, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins). On the basis of the information collected, a profile of a high quality feed barley variety for different groups of animals is defined.

Barley malting quality and yield interrelationships and the effect on yield distribution of selection for malting quality in the early generations

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Q. Lu ◽  
L. O'Brien ◽  
I. M. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Diastatic Power ◽  
Selection For

Relationships between malting quality attributes and grain yield in segregating populations can profoundly influence the intensity and sequence of trait selection. Consequently, the interrelationships between malting quality parameters predicted by near infrared transmittance (NIT) spectroscopy, grain weight, and grain yield in unselected populations of F2, F3, and F4 breeding lines from 4 barley crosses were examined. The simple and partial correlations between malt extract, protein content, and diastatic power were similar to those reported in previous studies except for a positive correlation between malt extract and diastatic power in the F2 and F3 generations. This positive relationship should enhance selection for improved malting quality in breeding programs. There were no relationships between grain yield and malting quality attributes, which would have an adverse impact on the intensity and sequence of trait selection. The effect of F2 and F3 selection for malting quality on F3 and F4 yield distributions was estimated by comparing the F3 and F4 yield distributions of the entire unselected population with those for the selected populations. Individual selection and sequential independent selection in the F2 and F3 generation for malting quality parameters predicted by NIT spectroscopy and grain weight in 4 crosses generally did not alter the nature of the subsequent yield distributions, yet 78–90% of lines could be discarded and there still existed adequate genetic gain for grain yield in the retained population of potentially good malting quality lines. These results indicate that barley breeders could use NIT spectroscopy to efficiently select in the early generations for malting quality prior to the conduct of yield testing and obtain good genetic gain for both malting quality and grain yield.

scholarly journals Evaluation of malting quality of spring barley genetic resources from different regions of origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 392-402
Author(s):  
Marta Zavřelová ◽  
Vratislav Psota ◽  
Pavel Matušinsky ◽  
Markéta Musilová ◽  
Michaela Némethová
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Diastatic Power ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Optimal Values

A set of 92 genetic resources of spring barley split into groups according to the areas of origin was studied in terms of grain malting quality. The following malting parameters were monitored in this study: nitrogen content in barley grain, malt extract, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, apparent final attenuation, friability, β-glucans in wort, haze of wort measured at the angles of 15° and 90°. In the studied set, the largest variability was found in the haze of wort (90°), the smallest in the apparent final attenuation. The optimal values of the extract content in the malt dry matter according to the malting quality index were only detected in the genotypes originating from Europe. The group of the genetic resources from South America and Australia, together with the genotypes from the Middle East and Africa, differed statistically significantly in the values of the Kolbach index from other groups. The two-row genotypes differed statistically significantly in the values of the malt extract content, relative extract at 45 °C, Kolbach index, diastatic power, friability and β-glucan content in wort. Although the European and non-European groups differed in a number of traits, the non-European groups also included genetic resources that in their malting parameters approached or equaled the European malting varieties (such as Psaknon). In this study, several significant correlations were found; the strongest correlations were between friability and malt extract (r = 0.85), friability and Kolbach index (r = 0.84).

Effects of timing of heat stress and drought on growth and quality of barley grains

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Marc E. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage ◽  
Days After Anthesis

In order to determine the importance of timing of short periods of high temperature and drought on grain weight and grain quality, a glasshouse experiment was carried out in which Schooner barley was exposed to short periods of heat stress (40˚C for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days) or drought at early grain filling (10–15 days after anthesis, DAA), mid grain filling (20–25 DAA), or late grain filling (30–35 DAA). Individual grain weight was most sensitive to heat stress and drought treatments imposed early in grain filling and was less sensitive to later treatments. The reduction in grain weight was greater under heat stress (average 13%) than under drought in this study (average 6%). Starch was reduced in amount and quality, especially with early stresses during grain filling, but grain nitrogen percentage was similar between treatments.

scholarly journals The use of molecular markers for characterisation of spring barley for breeding to Fusarium head blight resistance

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Špunarová ◽  
J. Ovesná ◽  
L. Tvarůžek ◽  
L. Kučera ◽  
J. Špunar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Dh Lines

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a barley disease, which occurs every year in various areas of barley cultivation all over the world and the increasing incidence has been confirmed in the Czech Republic also during the last years. We aimed to emply AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) and SSR (Single sequence repeats) markers to describe diversity among breeding lines with a sufficient level of resistance towards FHB and to find marker(s) associated with the analysed traits. The number of eight accessions including five expected resistance donors and three sensitive lines were tested in the field and laboratory. The field values and the amount of deoxynivalenol were positively correlated (r = 0.92). The laboratory test and content DON manifested also a high correlation (r = 0.73). Several DH lines developed from androgenetic barley progenies of the F1 hybrids between the susceptible line PI 383933 and resistant line PEC 210 or the susceptible line PI 383933 and resistant cultivar Chevron were found resistant towards Fusarium infection in both the field and laboratory tests. Low infestation was found at line DH 37 from combination Chevron &times; PI 383933 and lines DH48, DH49, DH50 and DH55 from the combination PEC 210 &times; PI 383933. Cluster analyses based on 68 AFLP and 18 SSR markers demonstrate a genetic relationship among parental genotypes and DH lines.Some DH lines combined a sufficient degree of resistance against FHB and extract content (basic parameters malting quality). Statistically significant differences in malt-extract values were observed between groups of the DH lines possessing and not possessing the AFLP marker CAA/AGC 341bp. The markers will be further evaluated and optionally used for MAS.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Physiological Response of Durum Wheat Grain to Short-Term Heat Stress during Early Grain Filling

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Anita Arenas-M ◽  
Francisca M. Castillo ◽  
Diego Godoy ◽  
Javier Canales ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wheat Grains

In a changing climate, extreme weather events such as heatwaves will be more frequent and could affect grain weight and the quality of crops such as wheat, one of the most significant crops in terms of global food security. In this work, we characterized the response of Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum wheat to short-term heat stress (HS) treatment at transcriptomic and physiological levels during early grain filling in glasshouse experiments. We found a significant reduction in grain weight (23.9%) and grain dimensions from HS treatment. Grain quality was also affected, showing a decrease in starch content (20.8%), in addition to increments in grain protein levels (14.6%), with respect to the control condition. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of durum wheat grains allowed us to identify 1590 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis, response to heat, and carbohydrate metabolic process. A gene regulatory network analysis of HS-responsive genes uncovered novel transcription factors (TFs) controlling the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response and grain quality, such as a member of the DOF family predicted to regulate glycogen and starch biosynthetic processes in response to HS in grains. In summary, our results provide new insights into the extensive transcriptome reprogramming that occurs during short-term HS in durum wheat grains.

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate on the grain yield, grain quality and malt analyses of spring malting barley for distilling in Ireland

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Potterton ◽  
T. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Sowing Dates

AbstractThe significant expansion of whiskey distillation in Ireland has increased requirements on the Irish malting barley industry to supply spring barley with low grain nitrogen concentration (GNC). Published literature suggests that genetics, soil type and environmental conditions are the predominant drivers controlling production of malting barley with low GNC values. However, it is acknowledged that agronomic practices such as sowing date and nitrogen (N) application are also important factors in determining the grain yield (GY) and grain quality (GQ) of malting barley. The effects of four N fertilizer rates (90, 110, 130 and 150 kg N/ha) and two sowing dates (March and April) on GY and GQ of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Overture) was evaluated at two different sites over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Earlier sowing dates resulted in significantly higher mean GY (7.98 t/ha) compared with later sowing dates (7 t/ha). GY and GNC also increased consistently with greater increments of fertilizer N. Earlier sowing dates also significantly improved several distilling malt quality parameters, such as soluble extract (SE), fermentable extract, predicted spirit yield and fermentability. Later sowing dates increased diastatic power and soluble N. The results of the current study suggest that the likelihood of producing spring malting barley with low GNC values and better malting quality is enhanced through earlier sowing dates on suitable soil types. Earlier sowing dates also facilitated the use of higher fertilizer N rates, enabling high GY potential without crossing the GNC threshold for the distilling market.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Physiological Response of Durum Wheat Grain to Short-Term Heat Stress during Early Grain Filling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Arenas-M ◽  
Francisca M. Castillo ◽  
Diego Godoy ◽  
Javier Canales ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wheat Grains

In a changing climate, extreme weather events such as heat waves will be more frequent and could affect grain weight and the quality of crops such as wheat, one of the most significant crops in terms of global food security. In this work, we characterized the response of Triticum turgidum spp. durum wheat to a short-term heat-stress (HS) treatment at transcriptomic and physiological levels during early grain filling in glasshouse experiments. We found a significant reduction in grain weight and size from HS treatment. Grain quality was also affected, showing a decrease in starch content in addition to increments in grain protein levels. Moreover, an RNA-seq analysis of durum wheat grains allowed us to identify 1590 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis, response to heat, and carbohydrate metabolic process. A gene regulatory network analysis of HS-responsive genes uncovered novel transcription factors (TFs) controlling the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response and grain quality, such as a member of the DOF family predicted to regulate glycogen and starch biosynthetic processes in response to HS in grains. In summary, our results provide new insights into the extensive transcriptome reprogramming that occurs during short-term HS in durum wheat grains.

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