The influence of girdling on flower type, number, inflorescence density, fruit set, and yields in three different olive cultivars (Barnea, Picual, and Souri)

The influence of girdling on flower type and number, inflorescence density, and fruit set in 3 different olive cultivars (Barnea, Picual, and Souri) under intensive growing conditions using saline irrigation water was studied for 3 years. The density of inflorescences on the branches was not affected by girdling in any of the 3 cultivars during any of the 3 consecutive years studied. Also, no clear relation between the number of flowers and girdling was found in any of the 3 cultivars tested. The percentage of perfect flowers on the girdled scaffolds of cvv. Barnea and Picual increased significantly, except for Picual in 2002 where no differences were observed. However, no such difference between the non-girdled and girdled scaffolds was observed in cv. Souri. Comparison of fruit set on non-girdled and girdled scaffolds showed a similar and generally positive response to the treatment in the examined cultivars. However, in the third year of the study, no significant difference between the non-girdled and girdled scaffolds was observed. A significantly higher yield of the girdled trees was measured in the 3 cultivars during the first year after the winter girdling. Due to the young age of the trees the effect of girdling on yield was not further recorded. Fruit size on the girdled scaffolds was smaller than those from the non-girdled ones, as a consequence a higher percentage of fruit set was observed on the first ones. The results presented in this study point to different varietal responses of olive trees to girdling. However, this might also be due to the young age of the trees in this study as well as the peculiar agronomic condition of the trees.

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Vegetative and Reproductive Response of Olive Cultivars to Moderate Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.2.320 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 320-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sebastian Weissbein ◽

Zeev Wiesman ◽

Yhonathan Ephrath ◽

Moshe Silberbush

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Saline Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Soil Leaching ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Reproductive Response ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Olive Cultivars

Selected superior olive cultivars cultivated on a large scale in various countries in the Mediterranean region were tested in a special saline irrigation experimental plot established in 1997 in the center of the semiarid Israeli Negev area. The plot comprised two subplots containing the same 12 olive cultivars in a mirror image design. One subplot was drip-irrigated with tap water (1.2 dS·m−1) and the second with moderate saline water (4.2 dS·m−1). All cultivation practices applied to the two subplots were similar in terms of fertilization, irrigation, soil leaching, and so on. The present study summarizes the vegetative and reproductive response of the tested olive cultivar trees during the 5 years after they reached maturation and full yield. Evaluation of trunk growth, olive yield, oil percentage, olive oil yield, and fatty acid composition of the oil, sodium and chloride leaf levels, and soil fractions up to 90 cm enabled characterization and comparison of the horticultural performance of the various olive cultivars intensively cultivated with the two tested irrigation treatments. The data clearly showed a significant difference between the tested cultivars in terms of growth, yield, and oil parameters. Grouping the tested cultivars in terms of olive oil production yielded the following three groups: Group A—‘Barnea’, ‘Maalot’, and ‘Picholin’—their average oil yield ranged from 8 to 10 kg/tree; Group B—‘Souri’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Picual’, ‘Kalamata’, ‘Koroneiki’, and ‘Picholin di Morroco’—their average oil yield ranged from 5 to 8 kg/tree; and Group C—‘Picudo’—ranged from 3 to 4 kg/tree. Saline irrigation treatment at 4.2 dS·m−1 demonstrated only a low rate of retardation effect on growth or yield of olive trees compared with water at 1.2 dS·m−1 of the same cultivar in each subplot. The data obtained from the present study suggest that efficient productive cultivation of mature olive cultivars in Israeli Negev semiarid conditions, irrigated with moderate saline water, is closely related to proper soil leaching methodology and maintaining the soil electrical conductivity level in the root zone in a range lower than 6 dS·m−1.

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Fruit Removal and Continual Defoliation Altered Papaya Fruit Production and Quality

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.497e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 497e-497

Author(s):

Lili Zhou ◽

David Christopher ◽

Robert E. Paull

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Sink Strength ◽

Mature Fruit ◽

Fruit Removal ◽

Control Fruit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fruit Mass

The source size and sink strength were modified by continual defoliation and fruit removal in `Sunset' papaya. Flower and fruit set, mature fruit mass, and TSS was recorded weekly. Fruit at four different stages of development were harvested at the end of the experiment. Fruit mass, respiration, sugar content, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), and invertase enzyme activities were compared. Continual defoliation resulted in lower new fruit set (25% of control), smaller fruit size (77% of control), and lower TSS (85% of control) in the 24-week experimental period. In contrast, there were 52% and 100% more new fruit when fruit were removed than in the control within the first 8 weeks and 24 weeks, respectively. Larger fruit size, earlier fruit development, lower respiration, and higher sugar contents were observed when fruit were removed at 140, 154, and 175 days from anthesis. No significant difference was found in TSS level in the mature fruit compared to the control. Fruit removal plus defoliation gave the same number and mass of new fruit as the control and slightly lower TSS in mature fruit than in the control. Fruit sugar was higher with increased fruit invertase activity and fruit age. Data confirmed that source–sink balance was critical for fruit set, development, and sugar accumulation in papaya.

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STUDIES ON PAPAYA PRODUCTION IN MIDDLE GEORGIA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1135d ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1135d-1135

Author(s):

U. L. Yadava

Keyword(s):

Carica Papaya ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Male Ratio ◽

State College ◽

Valley State College ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Growing Conditions

Three exotic lines (Dwarf, L-45, and L-50) of precocious papaya (Carica papaya L.) from India, were grown in nursery rows at the Fort Valley State College Agricultural Research Farm during 1986-1990. Performance of these lines was evaluated for their adaptation and production feasibility under the growing conditions of Middle Georgia. Two lines (L-50 and Dwarf papaya) showed a less satisfactory overall performance than did L-45, which had the highest female to male ratio (7:3) and abundantly produced tree-ripened fruits under cold protection frames during 1989 and 1990. Tree growth and survival for L-45 were greater than those for L-50 and Dwarf papaya lines. Two-month-old greenhouse-grown seedlings when established in the field in April, flowered in 60 to 65 days following transplanting. Under Georgia conditions, fruits ripened on trees in approximately 150 days after fruit set. During 1989-90, the fruit size on L-45 trees varied from 574 g to 2,286 g (mean 1,530 g) with an average of 22.5 fruits per tree. Four years data suggest that papaya can be a successful annual crop if shelter is provided during late fall to protect ripening fruits and trees from frost/cold.

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PEWARISAN SIFAT HERMAPRODIT DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP DAYA HASIL PADA JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.)

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v19n3.2013.117-129 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

RR. SRI HARTATI ◽

SUDARSONO SUDARSONO

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

First Year ◽

Physic Nut ◽

Hermaphrodite Flower ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Genetic Potential ◽

Flower Type ◽

Male Flowers

ABSTRAK Kontribusi sifat hermaprodit terhadap daya hasil tanaman jarak pagar belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui peran bunga hermaprodit terhadap daya hasil dan mekanisme pewarisannya. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 genotipe jarak pagar di Kebun Percobaan Balittri Sukabumi. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Mei 2007 sampai dengan Juli 2010. Jarak tanam 2 m x 2 m, menggunakan 2,5 kg pupuk kandang + 20 g Urea + 20 g SP 36 + 10 g KCl per tanaman. Penelitian terdiri dari (1) evaluasi tipe bunga jarak pagar dan (2) pewarisan sifat hermaprodit dan kontribusinya terhadap daya hasil. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa delapan dari 60 genotipe jarak pagar yang dievaluasi merupakan tanaman tri-monoecious yang menghasilkan bunga jantan, bunga betina, dan bunga hermaprodit, 52 lainnya merupakan tanaman monoecious yang hanya menghasilkan bunga jantan dan bunga betina. Karakter yang dimiliki oleh delapan genotipe tri-monoecious yang dievaluasi adalah lebih lambat berbunga (mulai berbunga pada umur 120- 274 hari) dan berdaya hasil rendah sampai sedang (jumlah buah 23-228 per tanaman pada tahun pertama). Kemunculan bunga hermaprodit tidak terjadi sepanjang tahun, tetapi lebih dominan pada tanaman berumur enam bulan. Persentase bunga hermaprodit berkisar 6,25-53% dari total bunga yang dihasilkan. Persentase fruitset pada tandan bunga hermaprodit lebih tinggi dibanding tandan bunga non-hermaprodit, dengan tingkat keberhasilan rata-rata 80% (kisaran 56-100%). Pada tandan bunga yang tidak menghasilkan bunga hermaprodit, buah jadi rata-rata sebesar 50% (kisaran 11-100%). Daya hasil tanaman jarak pagar ditentukan oleh genetik tetua. Bunga hermaprodit diwariskan oleh tetua betina maupun tetua jantan. Gen pengendali sifat hermaprodit diduga adalah gen sederhana yang bersifat dominan. Kata kunci: Jatropha curcas, monoecious, tri-monoecious, bunga hermaprodit, fruit setABSTRACT Hermaphrodite character has been reported in physic nut, its role and contribution to production process especially to the yield has not been investigated. The objectives of this research were to evaluate hermaphrodite flowers contribution on yield and their mechanism inheritance. The evaluation was conducted at the Experimental Station of Balittri Sukabumi from May 2007 to July 2010. The spacing was 2 m x 2 m with 2,5 kg manure + 20 g Urea + 20 g SP 36 + 10 g KCl/plant. The experiment consisted of (1) evaluation of flower type of physic nut and (2) hermaphrodite inheritance and their contribution on yield. Results of the experiment indicated eight from 60 physic nut genotypes were tri- monoecious which were capable on producing male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers while as the rest (52 genotypes) were monoecious which produced only male and female flowers. The tri-monoecious were generally late flowering (120-274 days after planting) and low to medium yield (producing 23-228 fruits per plant in the first year). Hermaphrodite flowers generally occurred six months after planting at the amount ranged from 6,25-53% of total flowers. Fruit set of inflorescences having hermaphrodite flowers was higher, average of 80% (ranged from 56- 100%) than those with female and male flowers, average of 50% (ranged from 11-100%). Yield of physic nut was affected by the genetic potential of their parents rather than hermaphrodite character. Hermaphrodite flower character was inherited by both female and male parents and might be controlled by simple-dominant gene. Key words: Jatropha curcas, monoecious, tri-monoecious, hermaphrodite flower, fruit set

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Flower Position and Size Impact Ovule Number per Flower, Fruitset, and Fruit Size in Pomegranate

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.138.3.159 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 138 (3) ◽

pp. 159-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hazel Y. Wetzstein ◽

Weiguang Yi ◽

Justin A. Porter ◽

Nadav Ravid

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Sex Expression ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Flower Size ◽

Ovule Development ◽

Flower Type ◽

Male Flowers ◽

Flower Quality

Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) produce large numbers of both hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers that produce fruit and functionally male flowers that characteristically abort. Excessive production of male flowers can result in decreased yields resulting from their inability to set fruit. Within hermaphroditic flowers, sex expression appears to follow a spectrum ranging from those exhibiting strong to weak pistil development. Unknown is the scope that flower quality plays in influencing fruit production. A description of floral characteristics and how they vary with flowers of different sizes and positions is lacking in pomegranate and was the focus of this study. Furthermore, the effects of flower size and position on fruit set and fruit size were evaluated. This study documents that flower size characteristics and ovule development can be quite variable and are related to flower type and position. Single and terminal flowers within a cluster were larger than lateral flowers. In addition, lateral flowers exhibited a high frequency of flowers with poor ovule development sufficient to negatively impact fruiting in that flower type. Ovule numbers per flower were significantly influenced by flower size with more ovules in larger flowers. Pollination studies verified significantly higher fruit set and fruit weight, and larger commercial size distributions were obtained with larger vs. smaller flowers. Thus, flower quality is an important issue in pomegranate. Cultural and environmental factors that influence flower size and vigor may have a direct consequence on fruit production and yield.

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Influence of foliar spray with some calcium sources on flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of olive Kalmata and Manzanillo cultivars under salt stress

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00452-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eman S. El-Hady ◽

Mohamed A. Merwad ◽

Mohamed F. M. Shahin ◽

Laila F. Hagagg

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Saline Water ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Sex Expression ◽

Olive Cultivars ◽

Calcium Source ◽

Olive Trees

Abstract Background This work was carried out through 2017 and 2018 seasons on Kalmata and Manzanillo olive cultivars. Trees were 15 years old, grown in sandy soil and planted at 5 × 5 m apart irrigated with saline water through drip irrigation system. This investigation aimed to improve flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of the tow olive cultivars. Trees were sprayed with calcium at 0.5% as calcium chloride (21% Ca) and chelated calcium. Results The results revealed that there were significant differences with calcium source treatment regarding number of inflorescences/shoot, no. of total flowers/inflorescences, sex expression, initial fruit set, final fruit set (%) and yield/kg (tree) and decreasing fruit drop (%) of olive oil Kalmata and Manzanillo cultivars compared with unsprayed in both seasons. Conclusions Results proved that olive trees sprayed at the end of December with 0.5% calcium as chelated calcium was the promising treatment for good flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality.

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Comparison of thiram, carbaryl, N.A.A. and N.A.D. as fruit thinning sprays on Granny Smith apples

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9720083 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 12 (54) ◽

pp. 83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N Veinbrants

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Single Application ◽

Drastic Reduction ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Fruit Thinning ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference

Evidence is presented that a single application of the fungicide thiram at 0.12 per cent, applied 14 and 21 days after full bloom on Granny Smith apples, reduced the fruit set highly significantly, and to about the same extent as carbaryl at 0.02, 0.04, or 0.08 per cent applied 14 days after full bloom. Either material resulted in good fruit thinning. Carbaryl caused about the same degree of thinning over a wide range of concentrations, the only significant difference being between 0.02 and 0.16 per cent (P<0.05). Applications of N.A.D. at 25 p.p.m., and N.A.A. at 5 p.p.m. caused more drastic reduction in fruit set than carbaryl at 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 per cent, or thiram at 0.12 per cent, applied at the same time. Carbaryl resulted in the most uniform fruit thinning, followed by thiram, N.A.D., and N.A.A. All spray treatments improved fruit size, reduced fluctuations in cropping, and significantly increased fruit yields over a period of four years as compared with unsprayed, hand thinned trees.

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255 Biomass and Phenolic Content of Echinacea Species Grown in Kentucky

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.435b ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 435B-435

Author(s):

Jenny Heringer Vires ◽

Robert Geneve ◽

Robert Anderson

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

First Year ◽

Total Biomass ◽

The Past ◽

Purple Coneflower ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Herbaceous Perennial

Purple coneflower, Echinacea sp. (Asteraceae), is a herbaceous perennial native to North America. Within the past decade, extensive research has been conducted to confirm echinacea's immunostimulatory, antiviral, and antibacterial benefits to humans. E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida are the primary species grown and studied for the herbal industry. However, there are other species and cultivars that may produce higher yields in biomass and chemical quality. The objective for this study is to evaluate the differences in biomass and phenolic content of five cultivars of E. purpurea and five species of Echinacea under Kentucky growing conditions. Differences in biomass (dry weight) of Echinacea species and cultivars harvested after the first year of growth was determined. There was a significant difference in total dry weight between E. purpurea cultivars. E. purpurea `Bright Star' and `Clio' produced significantly greater total dry weight compared to all other cultivars. There was no significant difference in root or flower biomass between cultivars. Biomass production differed between Echinacea species for root, vegetative, and flower parts. The total biomass of E. purpurea and E. tennesseensis was significantly higher compared to other species. E. pallida and E. paradoxa were not significantly different from E. purpurea in root biomass, even though both species produced less above-ground growth. E. tennesseensis produced 45% to 105% more flowers compared to other species. Differences in phenolic content between species and cultivars will also be presented.

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Water-saving techniques for restoring desertified lands: some lessons from the field

10.22541/au.161884422.29198561/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vicenç Carabassa ◽

Daniela Alba-Patiño ◽

Sergio García ◽

Julián Campo ◽

Harrie Lovenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seedling Survival ◽

First Year ◽

Land Uses ◽

Plant Establishment ◽

Shaped Container ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Degradation Degree ◽

Climate Crisis ◽

Water Holding

In the light of the current climate crisis, one of the most serious ecological threats is the increase of desertification. In this context, restoration projects are necessary for reverting land degradation, and nature-based solutions could help them. The Cocoon™ has been designed as a new ecotechnology for improving seedling establishment. The Cocoon consists of a donut-shaped container made out of recycled cardboard that provides water and shelter to the seedling, at least during its first year, which is the most critical for plant establishment. The Cocoon was tested on a variety of soils, Mediterranean mesoclimates, vegetation and land uses that allowed testing the effectiveness of this ecotechnology under different conditions. Six planting trials, five of them in Spain (Canary Islands, Almería, Catalonia and two in Valencia), and one in Ptolemais (Greece), were performed. With the objective of studying its functionality, the survival of the seedlings, their vigor and growth were monitored along two years. In general, the Cocoon has proven its effectiveness by increasing seedling survival compared to the conventional planting system, especially under dry growing conditions (low rainfall, soils with low water holding capacity). The Cocoon also allowed for higher growth of some species (olive trees, olm oaks and Aleppo pines). Moreover, a positive correlation between the rainfall on the site and the degradation degree of the Cocoon device was observed. Overall, the Cocoon becomes more efficient the more arid the climate or the more difficult the growing conditions are.

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Reduced Rates and Multiple Sprays of Paclobutrazol Control Growth and Improve Fruit Quality of `Delicious' Apples

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.116.5.807 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 116 (5) ◽

pp. 807-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Duane W. Greene

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

First Year ◽

Tight Cluster ◽

Solids Concentration ◽

Control Growth ◽

Soluble Solids Concentration

`Gardiner Delicious'/MM.lO6 apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were initially sprayed in 1985 with paclobutrazol (PB) at 250 mg.liter-1 at tight cluster and again on 10 and 25 June and 29 July. From 1986 through 1988, PB sprays of 85 or 100 mg·liter-1 were applied at either petal fall (PF) + 2 or PF + 4 weeks and one to two additional sprays were applied per year when growth resumed. Promalin was applied to one group of trees that received PB starting at PF + 2 weeks. PB reduced terminal, lateral, and total shoot growth the year of application and in subsequent years. Although average shoot length of lateral and terminal shoots was reduced, the greatest reduction in growth occurred because PB prevented spurs from growing into lateral and terminal shoots. Compared to unsprayed trees, PB reduced pruning time in all 4 years by 23% to 70%. PB increased bloom only the first year after application, but increased fruit set for 2 years due to a carryover effect. Application of PB in 1985 caused a reduction in fruit size, sometimes in soluble solids concentration, length: diameter (L : D) ratio, and pedicel length. Promalin either overcame the reduction in the ratio or increased it in 1986. Reduced rates of PB in subsequent years caused few adverse effects on the fruit. PB increased flesh firmness when applied at PF + 2 weeks but not at PF + 4 weeks. Trees treated with PB produced fruit with higher flesh Ca and less bitter pit, cork spot, and senescent breakdown following regular air storage. Chemical names used: ß -(4 -chlorophenyl)methyl α -(1,1-dimethylethyl) -1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol, PB); gibberellins A4+7 plus N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purine-6-amine (Promalin).

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