scholarly journals PEWARISAN SIFAT HERMAPRODIT DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP DAYA HASIL PADA JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
RR. SRI HARTATI ◽  
SUDARSONO SUDARSONO
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
First Year ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Hermaphrodite Flower ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Flower Type ◽  
Male Flowers

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kontribusi sifat hermaprodit terhadap daya hasil tanaman jarak<br />pagar belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui peran<br />bunga hermaprodit terhadap daya hasil dan mekanisme pewarisannya.<br />Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 genotipe jarak pagar di Kebun Percobaan<br />Balittri Sukabumi. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Mei 2007 sampai<br />dengan Juli 2010. Jarak tanam 2 m x 2 m, menggunakan 2,5 kg pupuk<br />kandang + 20 g Urea + 20 g SP 36 + 10 g KCl per tanaman. Penelitian<br />terdiri dari (1) evaluasi tipe bunga jarak pagar dan (2) pewarisan sifat<br />hermaprodit dan kontribusinya terhadap daya hasil. Hasil evaluasi<br />menunjukkan bahwa delapan dari 60 genotipe jarak pagar yang dievaluasi<br />merupakan tanaman tri-monoecious yang menghasilkan bunga jantan,<br />bunga betina, dan bunga hermaprodit, 52 lainnya merupakan tanaman<br />monoecious yang hanya menghasilkan bunga jantan dan bunga betina.<br />Karakter yang dimiliki oleh delapan genotipe tri-monoecious yang<br />dievaluasi adalah lebih lambat berbunga (mulai berbunga pada umur 120-<br />274 hari) dan berdaya hasil rendah sampai sedang (jumlah buah 23-228<br />per tanaman pada tahun pertama). Kemunculan bunga hermaprodit tidak<br />terjadi sepanjang tahun, tetapi lebih dominan pada tanaman berumur enam<br />bulan. Persentase bunga hermaprodit berkisar 6,25-53% dari total bunga<br />yang dihasilkan. Persentase fruitset pada tandan bunga hermaprodit lebih<br />tinggi dibanding tandan bunga non-hermaprodit, dengan tingkat<br />keberhasilan rata-rata 80% (kisaran 56-100%). Pada tandan bunga yang<br />tidak menghasilkan bunga hermaprodit, buah jadi rata-rata sebesar 50%<br />(kisaran 11-100%). Daya hasil tanaman jarak pagar ditentukan oleh<br />genetik tetua. Bunga hermaprodit diwariskan oleh tetua betina maupun<br />tetua jantan. Gen pengendali sifat hermaprodit diduga adalah gen<br />sederhana yang bersifat dominan.<br />Kata kunci: Jatropha  curcas,  monoecious,  tri-monoecious,  bunga<br />hermaprodit, fruit set</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Hermaphrodite character has been reported in physic nut, its role<br />and contribution to production process especially to the yield has not been<br />investigated. The objectives of this research were to evaluate<br />hermaphrodite flowers contribution on yield and their mechanism<br />inheritance. The evaluation was conducted at the Experimental Station of<br />Balittri Sukabumi from May 2007 to July 2010. The spacing was 2 m x 2<br />m with 2,5 kg manure + 20 g Urea + 20 g SP 36 + 10 g KCl/plant. The<br />experiment consisted of (1) evaluation of flower type of physic nut and<br />(2) hermaphrodite inheritance and their contribution on yield. Results of<br />the experiment indicated eight from 60 physic nut genotypes were tri-<br />monoecious which were capable on producing male, female, and<br />hermaphrodite flowers while as the rest (52 genotypes) were monoecious<br />which produced only male and female flowers. The tri-monoecious were<br />generally late flowering (120-274 days after planting) and low to medium<br />yield (producing 23-228 fruits per plant in the first year). Hermaphrodite<br />flowers generally occurred six months after planting at the amount ranged<br />from 6,25-53% of total flowers. Fruit set of inflorescences having<br />hermaphrodite flowers was higher, average of 80% (ranged from 56-<br />100%) than those with female and male flowers, average of 50% (ranged<br />from 11-100%). Yield of physic nut was affected by the genetic potential<br />of their parents rather than hermaphrodite character. Hermaphrodite flower<br />character was inherited by both female and male parents and might be<br />controlled by simple-dominant gene.<br />Key words: Jatropha curcas, monoecious, tri-monoecious, hermaphrodite<br />flower, fruit set</p>

The influence of girdling on flower type, number, inflorescence density, fruit set, and yields in three different olive cultivars (Barnea, Picual, and Souri)

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 827 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Levin ◽  
S. Lavee
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Young Age ◽  
First Year ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Flower Type ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Growing Conditions

The influence of girdling on flower type and number, inflorescence density, and fruit set in 3 different olive cultivars (Barnea, Picual, and Souri) under intensive growing conditions using saline irrigation water was studied for 3 years. The density of inflorescences on the branches was not affected by girdling in any of the 3 cultivars during any of the 3 consecutive years studied. Also, no clear relation between the number of flowers and girdling was found in any of the 3 cultivars tested. The percentage of perfect flowers on the girdled scaffolds of cvv. Barnea and Picual increased significantly, except for Picual in 2002 where no differences were observed. However, no such difference between the non-girdled and girdled scaffolds was observed in cv. Souri. Comparison of fruit set on non-girdled and girdled scaffolds showed a similar and generally positive response to the treatment in the examined cultivars. However, in the third year of the study, no significant difference between the non-girdled and girdled scaffolds was observed. A significantly higher yield of the girdled trees was measured in the 3 cultivars during the first year after the winter girdling. Due to the young age of the trees the effect of girdling on yield was not further recorded. Fruit size on the girdled scaffolds was smaller than those from the non-girdled ones, as a consequence a higher percentage of fruit set was observed on the first ones. The results presented in this study point to different varietal responses of olive trees to girdling. However, this might also be due to the young age of the trees in this study as well as the peculiar agronomic condition of the trees.

scholarly journals Flower Position and Size Impact Ovule Number per Flower, Fruitset, and Fruit Size in Pomegranate

2013 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein ◽  
Weiguang Yi ◽  
Justin A. Porter ◽  
Nadav Ravid
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Flower Type ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Flower Quality

Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) produce large numbers of both hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers that produce fruit and functionally male flowers that characteristically abort. Excessive production of male flowers can result in decreased yields resulting from their inability to set fruit. Within hermaphroditic flowers, sex expression appears to follow a spectrum ranging from those exhibiting strong to weak pistil development. Unknown is the scope that flower quality plays in influencing fruit production. A description of floral characteristics and how they vary with flowers of different sizes and positions is lacking in pomegranate and was the focus of this study. Furthermore, the effects of flower size and position on fruit set and fruit size were evaluated. This study documents that flower size characteristics and ovule development can be quite variable and are related to flower type and position. Single and terminal flowers within a cluster were larger than lateral flowers. In addition, lateral flowers exhibited a high frequency of flowers with poor ovule development sufficient to negatively impact fruiting in that flower type. Ovule numbers per flower were significantly influenced by flower size with more ovules in larger flowers. Pollination studies verified significantly higher fruit set and fruit weight, and larger commercial size distributions were obtained with larger vs. smaller flowers. Thus, flower quality is an important issue in pomegranate. Cultural and environmental factors that influence flower size and vigor may have a direct consequence on fruit production and yield.

scholarly journals KERAGAMAN GENETIK, HERITABILITAS, DAN KORELASI ANTAR KARAKTER 10 GENOTIPE TERPILIH JARAK PAGAR (JATROPHA CURCAS L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
R r. SRI HARTATI ◽  
ASEP SETIAWAN ◽  
BAMBANG HELIYANTO ◽  
SUDARSONO SUDARSONO
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Untuk menyusun program pemuliaan jarak pagar berdaya hasil<br />tinggi, diperlukan populasi dasar yang memiliki keragaman genetik yang<br />tinggi terutama pada karakter yang berkaitan dengan daya hasil tanaman.<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman genetik,<br />heritabilitas, dan korelasi antar karakter genotipe terpilih. Sepuluh<br />genotipe dievaluasi di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman<br />Rempah dan Aneka Tanaman Industri Pakuwon, Sukabumi mulai bulan<br />Agustus 2009 - Juli 2010. Rancangan lingkungan adalah acak kelompok<br />lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri atas 5 tanaman<br />yang ditanam dalam 1 baris dengan jarak antar baris 2 m dan jarak dalam<br />baris 1 m. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap karakter vegetatif (meliputi tinggi<br />tanaman, lingkar batang, lebar kanopi, dan jumlah cabang total), karakter<br />generatif (meliputi jumlah cabang produktif, umur mulai berbunga, jumlah<br />tandan bunga, jumah tandan buah, fruit set), serta komponen hasil yaitu<br />jumlah buah per tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 10 genotipe yang<br />dievaluasi memiliki keragaman genetik yang luas pada karakter generatif<br />umur mulai berbunga, jumlah tandan bunga, jumlah tandan buah, dan<br />jumlah buah per tanaman dengan nilai koefisien keragaman genetik<br />(KKG) berturut-turut 21,89; 29,77; 32,08; dan 33,75. Karakter-karakter ini<br />memiliki ragam genetik luas dan heritabilitas dalam arti luas yang tinggi<br />sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kriteria seleksi. Karakter vegetatif<br />jumlah cabang total memiliki keragaman genetik agak luas, heritabilitas<br />tinggi, dan berkorelasi positif dengan jumlah tandan bunga, jumlah tandan<br />buah, dan jumlah buah per tanaman sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan<br />sebagai kriteria seleksi.<br />Kata kunci : Jatropha curcas, keragaman fenotipik, koefisien keragaman,<br />ragam genetik, kriteria seleksi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Genetic variability, heritability, and correlation among<br />characters of 10 selected genotypes of physic nut<br />(Jatropha curcas L.)<br />To arrange breeding programme of jatropha high yielding varieties,<br />it is required population base having high genetic variabilities, especially<br />in yield components. The objectives of this research were to evaluate<br />genetic variability, heritability estimate, and analyze correlation among<br />characters of 10 physic nut genotypes. Ten Jatropha curcas genotypes<br />were evaluated at Pakuwon Experimental Station of Indonesian Spice and<br />Industrial Crops Research Institute, Sukabumi, from August 2009 - July<br />2010. A randomized complete block design with 3 replicates was applied<br />in this experiment. Each experimental unit consisted of five plants grown<br />in a row with 2 m spacing in line and 1 m in row. The observations were<br />made for vegetative characters (plant height, stem girth, canopy width, and<br />number of total branches per plant), generative characters (days to<br />flowering, number of productive branches, inflorescences, fruit bunches<br />per plant, and fruit set percentages), and yield component : number of fruit<br />per plant. Results of the experiments indicated that the evaluated<br />genotypes had wide genetic variability on several generative characters i.e.<br />days to flowering, number of inflorescences, number of fruit bunches, and<br />number of fruits per plant with genotypic variability coefficient (GVC)<br />values of 21.89; 29.77; 32.08; and 33.75, respectively. Their genetic<br />variabilities were broad and high heritability. The total number of branches<br />as a vegetative character was fairly wide in genetic diversity, high<br />heritability, and positively correlated with number of inflorescences,<br />bunches, and fruits per plant. These characters can be considered as<br />selection criteria.<br />Key words : Jatropha curcas L., phenotypic variability, coefficient of<br />variation, genetic variability, selection criterion</p>

scholarly journals Pengujian Tiga Paket Teknologi Budi Daya Jarak Pagar di Lahan Kering

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Prima Diarini Riajaya ◽  
Sri Mulyaningsih ◽  
Budi Hariyono
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Field Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Technology Support ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
The Third ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Best Fit

<p>Pengujian teknologi budi daya jarak pagar yang tepat sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas biji jarak pagar hasil rehabilitasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan tiga tahun (2012–2014) di Kebun Percobaan Asem-bagus, Situbondo dengan karakter lahan kering, bertujuan untuk menguji tiga paket teknologi budi daya jarak pagar yang dapat meningkatkan produksi biji jarak pagar.  Pengujian paket teknologi dilakukan pada sistem tanam baru IP-3A pada populasi rapat, pertanaman hasil rehabilitasi dengan sambung samping IP-3A dan pangkas IP-3A.  Tanaman sela kacang tanah ditanam di antara tanaman jarak pagar. Komponen produksi dan produksi biji jarak pagar diamati saat panen dan diakumulasi per tahun. Pengujian paket teknologi budi daya tanaman jarak pagar pada sistem tanam baru menghasilkan produktivitas biji yang meningkat dari tahun pertama sampai tahun ketiga masing-masing 253,6 kg/ha; 1.277,2 kg/ha; dan 1.640,3 kg/ha. Pengujian paket teknologi budi daya jarak pagar hasil rehabilitasi dengan sistem sambung samping menghasilkan produktivitas biji dari tahun pertama sampai tahun ketiga berturut-turut 436,0 kg/ha, 3.434,5 kg/ha, dan 1.409,1 kg/ha dan produktivitas tanaman sela kacang tanah berturut-turut 960,0 kg/ha, 913,6 kg/ha, dan 1.233,3 kg/ha polong kering. Pengujian paket teknologi budi daya jarak pagar hasil rehabilitasi dengan pangkas menghasilkan produktivitas biji dari tahun pertama sampai tahun ketiga berturut-turut 529,8 kg/ha; 2.460,2 kg/ha; dan 1.567,3 kg/ha dan produktivitas tanaman sela kacang tanah berturut-turut 856,5 kg/ha; 300,46 kg/ha; dan 533,30 kg/ha polong kering.  Teknologi budi daya tanaman jarak pagar yang diterapkan disesuaikan dengan kondisi tanaman yang ada. Penggunaan varietas yang dianjurkan yang sesuai dengan agroekosistemnya sangat dianjurkan melalui penanaman tanaman baru atau sambung samping. Tanaman yang telah meng-gunakan varietas baru dan telah melewati umur produktif (tiga tahun) dapat dilakukan pangkas bawah.</p><p> Development of physic nut as an alternative energy source requires an optimized cultivation technology support. The field research was done in three consecutive years (2012–2014) in Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo to test physic nut cultivation technologies to improve  productivity. Testing the cultivation technology package was performed on the new planted physic nut IP-3A, crop rejuvenation by grafting with entresIP-3A and pruning the IP-3A clone.  Groundnut was planted as intercropwith physic nut, and after groundnut has been harvested, <em>Crotalaria juncea</em> was planted and harvested at the age of 45 days then mulched between physic nut plants.  Yield components and yields of physic nut were recorded andaccumu-lated within a year. The application of cultivation technologies on new plating system resulted in agradually increase in seed yield from the first year to the third year consecutively, 253.6 kg/ha, 1,277.2 kg/ha, and 1,640.3 kg/ha. Physic nut IP-3A rejuvenated with grafting produced seeds 436.0 kg/ha at the first year, 3,434.5 kg/ha at the second year, and 1,409.1 kg/ha at the third year, and groundnut yields from first tothird year were 960.0 kg/ha, 913.6 kg/ha, and 1,233.3 kg/ha dry pods respectively. Physic nut IP-3A rejuvenated with pruning system produced seeds 529.8 kg/ha at the first year, 2,460.2 kg/ha at the second year, and 1,567.3 kg/ha at the third year and groundnut yields from first tothirdyear were 856.5 kg/ha, 300.46 kg/ha, and 533.30 kg/ha dry pods consecutively. Thus physic nut cultivation technologies are applied according to the conditions of existing plants. The use of recommended varieties best fit to agro-ecosystem is highly recommended by planting new plants or grafting. It is ideal to take up pruning activities when the plant is no longer productive.</p>

scholarly journals HASIL DAN STABILITAS HASIL DUA PULUH GENOTIPE JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L.) SELAMA SEMBILAN BELAS BULAN BERPRODUKSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
EDI WARDIANA ◽  
DIBYO PRANOWO
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Gxe Interaction ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pengujian interaksi genotipe dengan lingkungan (GxE) serta analisisstabilitas hasil suatu genotipe merupakan hal yang penting dalam programpemuliaan tanaman. Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis hasil danstabilitas hasil 20 genotipe tanaman jarak pagar telah dilakukan di KebunPercobaan Pakuwon, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat, pada ketinggian tempat 450m dpl dengan jenis tanah Latosol dan tipe iklim B mulai bulan Mei 2008sampai Desember 2009. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak kelom-pok lengkap dengan 20 perlakuan genotipe tanaman dan tiga ulangan.Peubah yang dianalisis adalah jumlah buah panen selama 19 bulanberproduksi. Analisis ragam dilakukan secara gabungan antara 20 genotipedengan 19 lingkungan (umur tanaman) dan analisis stabilitas hasilmengikuti metode Eberhart dan Russel (1966). Hasil penelitian menunjuk-kan bahwa berdasarkan pada hasil jumlah buah panen selama 19 bulanberproduksi terdapat enam genotipe jarak pagar yang dapat diklasifikasi-kan ke dalam genotipe yang berdaya hasil tinggi dan stabil, yaitu PT7,PT13, PT14, PT15, PT33, dan 3189. Sedangkan MT7 dan HS49diklasifikasikan ke dalam genotipe berdaya hasil tinggi tetapi tidak stabil.</p><p>Kata kunci : Jatropha curcas L., interaksi GxE, hasil, stabilitas hasil</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Yield and yield stability of twenty genotypes of physic nut(Jatropha curcas L.) during nineteen months ofproduction</p><p>Genotype and environment interaction (GxE) and yield stabilityanalysis of the genotypes is more important in plant breeding program.This experiment was carried out from May 2008 until December 2009 atPakuwon Experimental Station, Sukabumi, West Java with altitude about450 m above sea level, Latosol soil type and B climate type. The objectiveof this experiment was to analyze the yield and yield stability of 20genotypes of physic nut. Randomized complete block design with 20treatments of physic nut genotype and three replications was used in thisstudy, and the variabel observed was number of fruit harvested per month.Data were analyzed by combined analysis of variance and stabilityanalysis using Eberhart and Russel (1966) methods. Result showed thatbased on number of fruit harvested during 19 months production the PT7,PT13, PT14, PT15, PT33 and 3189 were classified as high yielding andstable genotypes. While, MT7 and HS49 were classified as high yieldingand unstable genotypes.</p><p>Key words : Jatropha curcas L., GxE interaction, yield, yield stability.</p>

Genetic, Environmental, and Maturational Effects on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Survival in Acute Low pH Trials

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1547-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Schom
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
First Year ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Mature Parr

Wild sea-run anadromous salmon (Salmo salar) were captured in Big Salmon River in New Brunswick and transported to the Atlantic Salmon Federation's research centre for spawning. Four year-classes were established, one each in 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1983, using a nested design, i.e. one female with one anadromous male and one or two mature parr. The mature parr, in all but the first year, were from families identified as to survival time in acute low pH trials. Resistance to low pH, i.e. survival time, was family specific and independent of the trial conditions. The heritabilities had dominant and additive components with, however, the apparent larger dam than sire effect an artifact of the experimental design. The most significant component appeared to be the dominant gene component. The mature parr were more resistant than the nonmature parr. Finally, genetic gains from selection were much greater in the down direction than the up direction, and this appeared to be a consequence of negative hatchery selection.

scholarly journals Assessment of weather effect on flower morphogenesis and fruit set in mango varieties in central India

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. RANGARE ◽  
MANISH BHAN ◽  
S. K. PANDEY
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Central India ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Hermaphrodite Flower ◽  
Flower Morphogenesis ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Flower Sex Ratio

A two-year field experiment was initiated in 2017-18 and 2018-19 years simultaneously to assess temperature on flower morphogenesis stages, flower sex ratio (hermaphrodite/staminate male flower) and fruit set in monoembryonic Langra and Amrapali varieties. Different dates of flower phenological stages viz., bud, panicle, bloom and flower initiation, pea, marble, egg, and maturity of fruits were recorded. The Langra variety exhibited bud initiation after mid December whereas Amrapali variety by the end of December. The range of mean maximum / minimum temperature as 26-31/10-12 °C promoted hermaphrodite flowers per panicle by 74 per cent in Langra variety, whereas range of 27-29/11-13 °C favored by 35 per cent in Amrapali variety. A positive and significant correlation between total number of flower / panicle and flower sex ratio in both the varieties suggested that higher temperature during initial flower phenologies improved number of hermaphrodite flowers. A mean minimum temperature for producing more number of hermaphrodite flower  exhibited a range of 11-14 °C under central Indian conditions.  Fruit set was maximum during pea stage and decline afterwards in marble and fruit maturity stages due to sudden rise in temperature at marble stage that caused in drop down of humidity thereby resulted in fruit drop in both the varieties.

scholarly journals Self-Compatibility Crosses of Several Cocoa Clones

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility

Self compatibility cross in cocoa is a useful criterion in utilizing germplasm collection. Evaluation of self-compatibility crosses on cocoa clones has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station of ICCRI by treating artificial self-pollination. The observed clones were TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KW 163, DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, DRC 15, KKM 22, Na 32, Na 33 and DR 38. Self-compatibility crosses were identified by percentage of fruit set evaluated during 6 consecutive weeks after pollination. The results showed that the percentage of fruit set were significantly different among clones in the range of 0—46.34%. Three groups of compatibility of cocoa clones were identified i.e. first, self-incompatible clones of DR 1, Na 32, Na 33; second, partially self compatible clones of DR 38, TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KKM 22; and third, self-compatible clones of DR 2, DRC 16,DRC 15, KW 163. Clones which perform self-incompatible and partially self-compatible furthermore can be used as female parents in the production of hybrids. Key words: self-compatibility, Theobroma cacao, clones.

scholarly journals Florivory and sex ratio in Annona dioica St. Hil. (Annonaceae) in the Pantanal at Nhecolândia, southwestern Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hipólito Ferreira Paulino Neto ◽  
Reinaldo Chaves Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Flowers

Annona dioica St. Hil. is a species that grows to approximately 2 m tall and is very widespread in the cerrados. Individual plants of this androdioecious species produce numerous hermaphroditic or male flowers, but few fruits. The aim of this study was to determine the sex ratio among the plants and to compare the frequency of herbivory between male and hermaphroditic flowers. The fieldwork was done by studying flowering plants in grasslands used as pasture for cattle at Fazenda Nhumirim. One hundred and forty-seven male plants and 71 hermaphroditic plants were examined and produced a total of 194 and 94 flowers, respectively, during the study period. The male:hermaphrodite sex ratio was 2.07:1, and was similar to the male:hermaphrodite flower ratio of 2.06:1. The frequency of florivory rate in hermaphrodites was significantly higher than in male flowers (33.0%, n = 31, and 25.7%, n = 50, respectively; G = 14.83; d.f. = 1; p < 0.001). The mean fresh weights of male and hermaphroditic flowers were significantly different (8.38 ± 2.40 g vs. 6.93 ± 2.68 g, respectively; 0 ± SEM; n = 50 each; t = 2.479; d.f. = 49; p = 0.017). These results indicate that the low fruit set in this species can be explained by the sex ratio, the greater herbivory of hermaphroditic flowers and the probable absence of pollinators.

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