The dominant N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Dry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
The Body ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Extreme Variation ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Sources

The existence of the dominant N gene, derived from two different sources, has been established by monogenic ratios. The gene is variable in expression in the heterozygote, and is pleiotropic. Horns are a sex-influenced expression of this gene, being dominant in males and recessive in females, with exceptions of the order of one in 10 in both sexes. There are hints that the exceptions in rams have a genetic basis, and strong evidence that this is so in heterozygous ewes, a dominant gene, F, variable in expression, being postulated. In the birthcoat of heterozygotes the expression of the N gene varies over a range as wide as is possible. There is extreme variation in halo-coverage over the body in animals of N-abundance on the back, and all halo-grades, from borderline-N to no-halo, are found in the one-sixth of heterozygotes less than N-grade. There is evidence that some part in causing the heterozygote to be less than N-grade is played by genes which reduce the abundance of halo-hairs on the main area of the body in non-N lambs. Possibly one dominigene, not linked with N, is powerful in the heterozygote. Heterozygous dominant N-grade lambs, with very few exceptions, can be distinguished from homozygotes in having halo-hair abundance reduced below that of N-grade at the anterior end of the body, at least in a small area behind the shoulder which is called the shoulder patch. The absence of the shoulder patch in heterozygotes has a genetic basis. Very occasionally there appears to be overlap between the two genotypes in the opposite direction. Recently a very small number of lambs thought to be homozygotes have been a little short of full halo-hair abundance on the shoulder patch on either one or both sides of the body. It is also of some help in distinguishing the genotypes that homozygous ram lambs have lumps in the horn positions, while heterozygous ram lambs frequently have no lumps at birth. On the average homozygous fleeces are more coarsely hairy than heterozygous, and contain more secondary kemp. In setting out the facts from which the above circle of conclusions is drawn it is sometimes convenient to make use at an earlier stage of something which is not proved until later. This applies especially to distinguishing homozygote and heterozygote.

The recessive N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Dry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Know How

The recessive N gene, nr, is demonstrated by monogenic ratios. For the most part nr/nr characters are intermediate between those of N/N and N/+. About a sixth of nr/nr lambs have no shoulder patch, and in certain fibre type details, and in hairiness, nr/nr animals tend to be intermediate between the two dominant-N genotypes. On the other hand, all nr/nr ewes have been hornless; a few have had horn-lumps, one scum By contrast, about one N/+ ewe in 10 grows horns. All the nr/nr rams reared to 1 year, except one with scurs, have grown horns. Carrier (+/nr) sheep have birthcoats which we do not know how to distinguish from those of ordinary Romneys, though there is evidence that one dose of nr increases halo-abundance on the back slightly. A few +/nr lambs have been grade VI. Just a few +/nr sheep have fleeces as hairy as the average N/+. A quarter or more of the +/nr rams have had horns, mostly small, at 4 months, and nearly all the others have had scurs. The genes N and nr are not allelic, but may be linked. Because the sheep has 26 pairs of autosomes free assortment seems more probable. In general the characterization of sheep deemed N/+.+/nr is intermediate between that of N/N.+/+ and N/+.+/+. The noticeable difference between N/+.+/nr and +/+ nr/nr is the more powerful growth of horns in the double heterozygotes. An analysis of breeding results from N/+.+/nr sheep indicates that the great majority of N/+.nr/nr animals of both sexes have the horn and halocoverage characters of homozygous dominant-N's. In N/+.+/nr, some ewes have horns, and the shoulder patch is absent about as often as in nr/nr. The frequencies of these characters in N/+.+/nr are applied in showing that the genetic basis of horns in ewes, and the genetic basis of full halo-coverage, in heterozygotes of the dominant-N stock are different; and that it is not the gene nr which makes horns grow in the dominant-N heterozygous ewes; and one piece of evidence suggests that it is not the nr gene that determines absence of shoulder patch in the birthcoats of the dominant-N stock. It is concluded that if the dominant-N stock is not completely free from nr, that gene has only the same sort of frequency as in the Romney breed. Matings made as +/+.nr/nr X +/+.+/+, the latter no-halo ewes, from flocks outside the College, or if bred at the College unrelated to any N-type sheep, have given a small proportion of N-grade lambs. It now appears that at least most of these lambs, called 'dominoes', have received one dose of a dominant gene for N-grade, probably the gene N, from the no-halo parent. One no-halo ewe from an outside source had an N-grade son, proved nr/nr, by a domino ram, the dam thus being shown to carry the gene nr.

Further breeding experiments with New Zealand Romney N-type sheep to 1956

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Dry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Body ◽  
Back Cross ◽  
Main Area ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Original Hypothesis ◽  
Twin Brother

Another NS-grade sheep, a horned ewe from an ordinary Romney flock, is judged on progeny to have been N/+. Further breeding results are consistent with the simple genetic basis of horns in N/+ ewes previously postulated, namely, a fortifier gene F. Additional evidence is given for a genetic basis of the comparative scarcity of halo-hairs on the main area of the body of low-N N/+ lambs. It is a reasonable guess that selection would fairly quickly build up a stock in which the gene N could be called recessive, in that its expression in heterozygotes fell short of VI. In work with low-N sheep two horned rams, twin sons of a low-N ram with very large horns, have proved not to possess N. Horns in these rams clearly have a simple genetic basis. One N-grade ram has been shown to be +/nr, and it is likely that his twin brother, which closely resembled him, was also +/nr. The N-type characterization of these twin rams was feeble in several respects. There is evidence that the nr gene is helped to N-grade expression by multiple factors which are thus dominigenes. This is a third possible way, in addition to picking up N from a low-N or nr from a carrier, in which an nr/nr sheep mated with non-N may have an N-grade lamb. The original hypothesis of a main dominigene remains unproved. Better evidence is given that the nr gene helps horns to grow in N/+ . +/nr ewes. After repeating the back-cross, N/ +. +/nr x + / + .nr/nr, the conclusion is adopted that N and nr are independent, residing on different chromosomes. Results from that back-cross have strengthened the belief that at least the great majority of sheep of both sexes of the high-dosage genotype N/+ .nrlnr have the complete halo-coverage and hornedness of N/N. +/ +

Studies of the effects of the gene N on body growth and fleece development of the New Zealand Romney. I. The body growth of the N type lamb

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Cockrem ◽  
AL Rae
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Ram Lambs

A study has been made of the pleiotropic effects of the gene N on the body growth and the carcass of the Sew Zealand Romney lamb. Measurements of body weight and height at withers were taken from birth to about 5 months of age for lambs born in 1952 and 1953 from matings of N/+ x +/+, N/N x N/N, N/N x N/+, and N/+ x N/+ parents. In 1952, +/+ lambs grew faster than N/+ or N/N lambs and this was shown in the greater body weight of the +/+ lambs at 30 days of age. The differences in weight gains corrected for initial weight were greater for single lambs than for twin lambs. The differences in the height at withers were proportional to those in body weight except for the N/N lambs. The N/N lambs had a greater height at withers for their body weight but this could have been the result of factors other than the gene N which were associated with the N–type flock. N–type ewe lambs kept up to 18 months of age maintained lower body weights than +/+ lambs. In 1953 no differences between N/+ and +/+ lambs were found in body growth. It is suggested that a genetic-environment interaction exists for body growth and that the environmental factor is possibly one of climate. No differences were found between the carcass measurements of N/+ and +/+ ram lambs which could not be attributed to the previous differences in body growth.

scholarly journals Current concepts of the role of fiber in the bird

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Okolelova ◽  
S.V. Engashev
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Natural Sorbent ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Sources

Realization of the genetic potential of poultry productivity in industrial poultry farming is achieved by creating optimal conditions for keeping poultry and providing it with compound feeds, balanced in terms of metabolic energy and a complex of nutrient, mineral and biologically active substances. Fiber has always been and remains among the standardized indicators in mixed feed for poultry, since its excessive amount in a number of feed products (hulled crops, bran, sunflower meal, cake, etc.) is associated with a reduced digestibility of nutrients and energy availability). It is believed that fiber maintains the balance of the intestinal microflora, stimulates the growth of the muscular stomach and motility of the digestive tract, being a natural sorbent, absorbs toxic substances and ensures normal digestion and absorption of nutrients in feed. Despite the fact that the presence of fiber in compound feed for poultry is inevitable, the opinion of experts on its benefits differs.On the one hand, leading breeding companies and scientists consider fiber to be a necessary component for the development of the gizzard in order to stimulate the consumption of compound feed. On the other hand, poultry nutritionists try not to overload diets with fiber, especially if they consist of components that are difficult to hydrolyze, as this reduces the energy value of the diet. In addition, wastes from flour and fat-and-oil industries are often associated with such disadvantages as increased bacterial contamination or mycotoxin contamination. There is another controversial point that different sources of fiber have different effects on the digestive system, which is associated with the presence of anti-nutritional factors in the feed that affect its solubility. The review of publications provides information on the role of insoluble fiber in the body of poultry and its traditional and alternative sources.

‘If you shoulder a rifle […] let it be for Ireland’: James Connolly's War on War

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-381
Author(s):  
Margot Gayle Backus ◽  
Spurgeon Thompson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Easter Rising ◽  
Trade Unionist ◽  
The One ◽  
National Governments

As virtually all Europe's major socialist parties re-aligned with their own national governments with the outbreak of World War I, Irish socialist and trade unionist James Connolly found himself internationally isolated by his vociferous opposition to the war. Within Ireland, however, Connolly's energetic and relentless calls to interrupt the imperial transportation and communications networks on which the ‘carnival of murder’ in Europe relied had the converse effect, drawing him into alignment with certain strains of Irish nationalism. Connolly and other socialist republican stalwarts like Helena Molony and Michael Mallin made common cause with advanced Irish nationalism, the one other constituency unamenable to fighting for England under any circumstances. This centripetal gathering together of two minority constituencies – both intrinsically opposed, if not to the war itself, certainly to Irish Party leader John Redmond's offering up of the Irish Volunteers as British cannon fodder – accounts for the “remarkably diverse” social and ideological character of the small executive body responsible for the planning of the Easter Rising: the Irish Republican Brotherhood's military council. In effect, the ideological composition of the body that planned the Easter Rising was shaped by the war's systematic diversion of all individuals and ideologies that could be co-opted by British imperialism through any possible argument or material inducement. Although the majority of those who participated in the Rising did not share Connolly's anti-war, pro-socialist agenda, the Easter 1916 Uprising can nonetheless be understood as, among other things, a near letter-perfect instantiation of Connolly's most steadfast principle: that it was the responsibility of every European socialist to throw onto the gears of the imperialist war machine every wrench on which they could lay their hands.

Scientific aspect on Diet explained by Susrutha in Wound Healing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Amareshappa . ◽  
Anjali Bharadwaj ◽  
Shailaja S. V.
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Scientific Aspect ◽  
Important Branch

Wound healing has been the burning problem in a surgical practice because of a remarkable increase in the number of traumatic cases. A wound causes a number of changes in the body that can affect the healing process, including changes in energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin and mineral metabolism. Various Ayurveda literatures, particularly, Sushruta Samhita, which is said to be an ancient textbook of surgery in Ayurveda, has mentioned about the diet for the person suffering from the wound, and the author said that diet plays a very important role in the wound healing process. Sushruta - The father of surgery has scientifically classified it in a systemic manner, whose wealth of clinical material and the principles of management are valid even today. Shalya Tantra (surgical branch in Ayurveda Science) is one of the important branch of Ayurveda, in which surgical and para-surgical techniques has described for management of various diseases. Vrana is the most important and widely described chapter of Shalya Tantra. Vrana (wound) is one of them, which have been managed by human being from starting of civilization. Under the circumstances, the first thing which the men came across was the injury from different sources which caused him the Vrana. Vrana is seen as debilitating and scaring disorder, usually seen affecting the human being at any age. Well balanced nutrition plays an essential role in the wound healing.

The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Native Women ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The One

The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar examines gender relations in indigenous societies of central Mexico and Oaxaca from the 1520s to the 1750s, focusing mainly on the Nahua, Ñudzahui (Mixtec), Bènizàa (Zapotec), and Ayuk (Mixe) people. This study draws on an unusually rich and diverse corpus of original sources, including Ñudzahui- (Mixtec-), Tíchazàa- (Zapotec-), and mainly Nahuatl-language and Spanish civil and criminal records, published texts, and pictorial manuscripts. The sources come from more than 100 indigenous communities of highland Mexico. The book considers women’s lives in the broadest context possible by addressing a number of interrelated topics, including: the construction of gender; concepts of the body; women’s labor; marriage rituals and marital relations; sexual attitudes; family structure; the relationship between household and community; and women’s participation in riots and other acts of civil disobedience. The study highlights subtle transformations and overwhelming continuities in indigenous social attitudes and relationships. The book argues that profound changes following the Spanish conquest, such as catastrophic depopulation, economic pressures, and the imposition of Christian marriage, slowly eroded indigenous women’s status. Nevertheless, gender relations remained inherently complementary. The study shows how native women and men under colonial rule, on the one hand, pragmatically accepted, adopted, and adapted certain Spanish institutions, concepts, and practices, and, on the other, forcefully rejected other aspects of colonial impositions. Women asserted their influence and, in doing so, they managed to retain an important position within their households and communities across the first two centuries of colonial rule.

Multicultural and Transnational Novels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Meffan
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Access Rights ◽  
The One

This chapter discusses the history of multicultural and transnational novels in New Zealand. A novel set in New Zealand will have to deal with questions about cultural access rights on the one hand and cultural coverage on the other. The term ‘transnational novel’ gains its relevance from questions about cultural and national identity, questions that have particularly exercised nations formed from colonial history. The chapter considers novels that demonstrate and respond to perceived deficiencies in wider discourses of cultural and national identity by way of comparison between New Zealand and somewhere else. These include Amelia Batistich's Another Mountain, Another Song (1981), Albert Wendt's Sons for the Return Home (1973) and Black Rainbow (1992), James McNeish's Penelope's Island (1990), Stephanie Johnson's The Heart's Wild Surf (2003), and Lloyd Jones's Mister Pip (2006).

scholarly journals Linking morphological and molecular sources to disentangle the case of Xylodon australis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-López ◽  
M. Teresa Telleria ◽  
Margarita Dueñas ◽  
Mara Laguna-Castro ◽  
Klaus Schliep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Species ◽  
R Package ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Historical Collections ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractThe use of different sources of evidence has been recommended in order to conduct species delimitation analyses to solve taxonomic issues. In this study, we use a maximum likelihood framework to combine morphological and molecular traits to study the case of Xylodon australis (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) using the locate.yeti function from the phytools R package. Xylodon australis has been considered a single species distributed across Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were conducted to unmask the actual diversity under X. australis as well as the kinship relations respect their relatives. To assess the taxonomic position of each clade, locate.yeti function was used to locate in a molecular phylogeny the X. australis type material for which no molecular data was available using morphological continuous traits. Two different species were distinguished under the X. australis name, one from Australia–New Zealand and other from Patagonia. In addition, a close relationship with Xylodon lenis, a species from the South East of Asia, was confirmed for the Patagonian clade. We discuss the implications of our results for the biogeographical history of this genus and we evaluate the potential of this method to be used with historical collections for which molecular data is not available.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

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