Effects of addition of urea to a low nitrogen diet on the rumen digestion of a range of roughages

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
N Content ◽  
Insoluble Organic Matter ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Four steers were given 2 diets consisting of oat hay and molasses which contained either no urea or 4% urea. Sixteen roughages (including cottonwool, straws, alkali-treated straws, and grass and legumes hays) were incubated in synthetic fibre bags in the rumen for 24 h, and the disappearance from the bags of insoluble organic matter (OM) was determined. In steers given molasses containing 4% urea, rumen ammonia concentrations exceeded 100 mg N/Lfor only about 5 h during the 24-h cycle and were <50 mg N/L within about 4 h after feeding. In steers given molasses without urea, rumen ammonia concentration averaged 7 mg N/L. The depression in OM disappearance from synthetic fibre bags due to the low rumen ammonia concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the disappearance at the higher rumen ammonia concentration, ranged among the roughages from 24 to 87%, and was inversely related to the N content of the roughage. In additional experiments the differences in ammonia concentration between rumen fluid sampled from the ventral sac of the rumen and fluid extracted from synthetic fibre bags were small compared with the differences between diets. These results indicated that the effect of low rumen ammonia concentrations on microbial digestion in the rumen varied widely among roughages.

In vitro ruminal methane suppression by lauric acid as influenced by dietary calcium

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Machmüller ◽  
C. R. Soliva ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Fiber Fermentation

The effect of Ca supplementation on the methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid was investigated in an experiment based on a 2 × 2-factorial arrangement using the in vitro system Rusitec. Additional Ca was supplemented at 1 g kg-1 diet in the form of compounds of relatively low solubility in rumen fluid. Lauric acid (C12:0), the predominant effective medium-chain fatty acid in coconut oil, was added at a level of 50 g kg-1. Adding C12:0 did not affect bacterial count, but eliminated ciliate protozoa from fermenters. Ammonia concentration in fermentation mixture declined and volatile fatty acid pattern changed with C12:0. The apparent degradation rate of total organic matter was not altered by C12:0, but fiber fermentation was depressed (P < 0.001). Effects of Ca on microbial counts and fermentation characteristics remained low. Without additional Ca, C12:0 reduced the average daily methane release (mmol g-1 organic matter degraded) by 76%. In comparison, C12:0 only reduced methane production by 47% when additional Ca was included in the diet (interaction of C12:0 and Ca, P < 0.05). The present results suggest that the dietary content of soap-forming Ca has to be kept low in order to achieve a high methane-suppressing effect of lauric acid. Key words: Methane, lauric acid, lipids, calcium, Rusitec, ruminants

Lablab (Lablab purpureus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds as supplements for sheep fed low quality roughage

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
E. S. Garcia ◽  
J. A. Domingo ◽  
J. H. G. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum

Summary. The seeds of lablab (Lablab purpureus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) were investigated as supplements for young sheep. In experiment 1, rumen-cannulated sheep were offered low quality roughage ad libitum alone or supplemented with about 5, 10 or 20 g/kg liveweight whole lupin or lablab seed. Rumen ammonia concentrations were increased by each level of both supplements, and the increases were greater with lupins than with lablab. The pH of rumen fluid was decreased by both supplements, particularly when the higher levels were fed. Dry matter of broken seeds of both legume species rapidly disappeared from synthetic fibre bags incubated in the rumen. Roughage dry matter disappearance from synthetic fibre bags decreased (P<0.05) when 20 g/kg liveweight lupins was fed, and this level of both supplements reduced (P<0.05) roughage intake. Total dry matter intake was increased more by lablab than by lupins, but dry matter and organic matter digestibility tended to be increased to a lesser extent by lablab. Overall, digestible organic matter intake and liveweight gain were increased to similar extents by both supplements. Wool growth was lower (P<0.05) with lablab than lupins, particularly at the highest level of supplementation, suggesting that availability of some amino acids was lower with lablab supplement. In experiment 2, rumen-cannulated sheep were fed low quality roughage ad libitum and supplemented with about 10 g/kg liveweight of either lupin or lablab seed. Lectins and protease inhibitors present in the lablab seed disappeared rapidly from synthetic fibre bags incubated in the rumen. In conclusion the nutritional value of lablab seed as a supplement for sheep fed low quality roughage was similar to that of lupin seed for liveweight gain, but was lower for wool growth.

Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 1. The effect of urea

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Native Pastures

Twenty Hereford weaner steers and heifers, 9-months-old and of mean liveweight (� s.e.) 152 � 6 kg, were stratified according to sex and liveweight into four groups and assigned to cells in an experimental design which aimed at studying the effects of an increased urea intake on their rumen ammonia concentration, their intake of a low N native pasture hay and on their liveweight change over 49 days. The cattle on the basal hay diet maintained low concentrations of ammonia in rumen fluid (8 mg N/L) during the study and lost weight (at 50 g/day). Urea (as 15, 23, 42 and 53 g head.day) increased significantly (P< 0.01) rumen ammonia concentration (to 152 t 10.9 mg N/L), hay intake in the final 7 days (from 2633 to 3738 � 72 g organic matter/head.day) and liveweight change (to 273 � 33 g/head.day). Hay intake of the cattle increased within 14 days of supplementation with urea which was sprayed onto portions of the hay. Urinary N content, but not faeces, was increased by the urea diets. Urea intakes also increased urea nitrogen concentrations in plasma and saliva which were correlated (r=0.87). Liveweight change was maximized at daily urea intakes of 23 g/head and these gains are discussed in terms of the suitability of urea for Hereford cattle which are fed only low N native pastures

scholarly journals The degradation and utilization of formaldehyde-treated urea by rumen microbes in vitro

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Jouko Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Tungstic Acid ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Rumen Microbes

Urea was treated with different levels of formaldehyde (HCHO). The HCHO percentages, on a weight basis, were 0(F0), 0.25 (F0.25) 0.50 (F0.50), 0.75 (F0.75), 1.0 (F1.0), 1.5 (F1.5), 2.0 (F2.0), 3.0 (F3.0) and 5.0(F5.0). Twenty milligrams of urea was incubated for 5 hours in 40 ml of sheep rumen fluid-buffer solution (1:1) together with 1.5 grams of substrate. The substrate consisted of vacuum-dried and milled feeds: barley (25 %), molassed beet pulp (25 %) and NaOH-treated straw (50 %). The feeds and urea were used in the same proportions as in the diet of the sheep which yielded the rumen fluid for incubation. Treatment with HCHO decreased hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. The ammonia concentration in contents offer mentors 2 hours after the start of incubation had a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.976, n = 72) with the HCHO treatment level. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated from tungstic acid - sulphuric acid precipitation. Synthesis of protein, expressed as grams of nitrogen per 100 grams fermented organic matter was highest when F1.5-F3.0 urea was used. Treatment with more than 3 % of HCHO decreased the number of protozoa and the general activity of the microbes, thus decreasing fermentation of organic matter and lowering the yield of microbial protein. When F1.5 urea was used, the total yield (mg protein/hr) was significantly higher than with untreated urea, but the results obtained with F1.5 urea did not differ significantly from those with F0.75 or F2.0 urea.

Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: effects on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Hess ◽  
L. M. Monsalve ◽  
C. E. Lascano ◽  
J. E. Carulla ◽  
T. E. Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
Methane Release ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Sapindus Saponaria ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

In two in vitro experiments with the RUSITEC-apparatus, Brachiaria dictyoneura was tested alone and with legumes at dietary proportions of 1/3, 2/3, or 3/3 of Arachis pintoi (Expt 1) and 1/3 of Arachis pintoi, Cratylia argentea, or Calliandra calothyrsus (Expt 2). In Expt 2, all diets were evaluated with and without 80 mg/g diet of Sapindus saponaria fruits. In Expt 1, the stepwise replacement of the grass by A. pintoi curvi-linearly increased rumen fluid concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, bacteria, and protozoa. Methane release rates were 1.7, 7.3, 8.8, and 9.0�mmol/day. With increasing legume proportion, more organic matter and protein were degraded, the latter being only partially recovered as ammonia. In Expt 2, 1/3 of A. pintoi basically had the same effects as in Expt 1. Cratylia argentea was less effective in modifying the fermentation pattern. In association with a higher nutrient degradation and rumen ammonia concentration, C. argentea and A. pintoi increased methane release to about 3- and 4-fold levels. Calliandra calothyrsus reduced nutrient degradation and methane release per gram of organic matter degraded. Tannins, predominant in C. calothyrsus, might have affected methanogenesis. Sapindus saponaria reduced methanogenesis by 11% on average in grass-alone and legume-supplemented diets.

scholarly journals Speciation of organosulfur compounds in carbonaceous chondrites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zherebker ◽  
Yury Kostyukevich ◽  
Dmitry S. Volkov ◽  
Ratibor G. Chumakov ◽  
Lukas Friederici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ion Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Fticr Ms ◽  
Insoluble Organic Matter ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Extractable Fraction ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDespite broad application of different analytical techniques for studies on organic matter of chondrite meteorites, information about composition and structure of individual compounds is still very limited due to extreme molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter. Here we present the first application of isotopic exchange assisted Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) for analysis of alkali extractable fraction of insoluble organic matter (IOM) of the Murchison and Allende meteorites. This allowed us to determine the individual S-containing ions with different types of sulfur atoms in IOM. Thiols, thiophenes, sulfoxides, sulfonyls and sulfonates were identified in both samples but with different proportions, which contribution corroborated with the hydrothermal and thermal history of the meteorites. The results were supported by XPS and thermogravimetric analysis coupled to FTICR MS. The latter was applied for the first time for analysis of chondritic IOM. To emphasize the peculiar extraterrestrial origin of IOM we have compared it with coal kerogen, which is characterized by the comparable complexity of molecular composition but its aromatic nature and low oxygen content can be ascribed almost exclusively to degradation of biomacromolecules.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

scholarly journals Synthesis of 13C-enriched amino acids with 13C-depleted insoluble organic matter in a formose-type reaction in the early solar system

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
pp. eabd3575
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Furukawa ◽  
Yoshinari Iwasa ◽  
Yoshito Chikaraishi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Soluble Organic Matter ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
Cold Region ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Type Reaction ◽  
Insoluble Organic Matter

Solvent-soluble organic matter (SOM) in meteorites, which includes life’s building molecules, is suspected to originate from the cold region of the early solar system, on the basis of 13C enrichment in the molecules. Here, we demonstrate that the isotopic characteristics are reproducible in amino acid synthesis associated with a formose-type reaction in a heated aqueous solution. Both thermochemically driven formose-type reaction and photochemically driven formose-type reaction likely occurred in asteroids and ice-dust grains in the early solar system. Thus, the present results suggest that the formation of 13C-enriched SOM was not specific to the cold outer protosolar disk or the molecular cloud but occurred more widely in the early solar system.

The prediction of digestibility by rumen fluid and enzymatic methods

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Peter Young ◽  
F. P. O'Mara ◽  
M. Rath ◽  
P. J. Caffrey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Enzymatic Methods

Rumen fluid and cellulase based techniques are widely used to predict the digestibility of compound feeds and their ingredients. Recently gammanase enzymes have been added to some cellulase based techniques (Dowman, 1993; De Boever et al., 1994). Few comparisons of these techniques have involved by-product concentrate ingredients. The objective of this experiment was to compare the ability of three techniques, in vitro rumen fluid (RF), pepsin cellulase gammanase (PCG), and neutral detergent cellulase gammanase (NCDG), to predict the in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD) of concentrate ingredients.

Heterogeneous distribution of paramagnetic radicals in insoluble organic matter from the Orgueil and Murchison meteorites

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (23) ◽  
pp. 4177-4186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Binet ◽  
Didier Gourier ◽  
Sylvie Derenne ◽  
François Robert
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Insoluble Organic Matter
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