Effects of time of urea application on combine-sown Calrose rice in south-east Australia. I. Crop response and N uptake

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Humphreys ◽  
WA Muirhead ◽  
FM Melhuish ◽  
RJG White
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Highly Correlated

Urea (50 kg N ha-1) was applied at one of four times (before the first flush, before permanent flood, after permanent flood and at panicle initiation) to Calrose rice growing on an alkaline grey clay soil. Plant N uptake was highly correlated with dry matter production (r2=0.90) and with grain yield (r2 = 0.95). Efficiency of fertilisation and grain yield were highest when urea was applied either before permanent flood (56 kg grain (kg N) -1, 6.4 t ha-1) or at panicle initiation (47 kg grain (kg N)-1, 6.0 t ha-1), and these efficiencies are among the highest that have been recorded in rice. Significantly lower yields were obtained when the fertiliser was applied at sowing or after permanent flood, largely due to lower panicle densities. Fertilisation at sowing did not produce significantly more grain than the control, despite an early vegetative response. This is in contrast with previous findings on a more fertile acid red-brown earth, and suggests that soil properties may be an important consideration in predicting optimum fertilisation strategies.

Effects of soil properties on variation in growth, grain yield and nutrient concentration of wheat and barley

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Matter Production

High spatial and temporal variability is an inherent feature of dryland cereal crops over much of the southern cereal zone. The potential limitations to crop growth and yield of the chemical properties of the subsoils in the region have been long recognised, but there is still an incomplete understanding of the relative importance of different traits and how they interact to affect grain yield. Measurements were taken in a paddock at the Minnipa Agriculture Centre, Upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, to describe the effects of properties in the topsoil and subsoil on plant dry matter production, grain yield and plant nutrient concentrations in two consecutive years. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Worrakatta) was grown in the first year and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Barque) in the second. All soil properties except pH showed a high degree of spatial variability. Variability in plant nutrient concentration, plant growth and grain yield was also high, but less than that of most of the soil properties. Variation in grain yield was more closely related to variation in dry matter at maturity and in harvest index than to dry matter production at tillering and anthesis. Soil properties had a stronger relationship with dry matter production and grain yield in 1999, the drier of the two years. Colwell phosphorus concentration in the topsoil (0–0.15 m) was positively correlated with dry matter production at tillering but was not related to dry matter production at anthesis or with grain yield. Subsoil pH, extractable boron concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) were closely related. The importance of EC and soil extractable boron to grain yield variation increased with depth, but EC had a greater influence than the other soil properties. In a year with above-average rainfall, very little of the variation in yield could be described by any of the measured soil variables. The results suggest that variation in EC was more important to describing variation in yield than variation in pH, extractable boron or other chemical properties.

scholarly journals AGRONOMIC TRAITS EVALUATION IN IRRIGATED SORGHUM IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
AMADEU REGITANO NETO ◽  
RAFAEL DANTAS DOS SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Semi Arid

Green and dry matter production, along with grain yield and otheragronomic traits, were assessed in 44 sorghum genotypes. Two sets of genotypes were formed based on known plant height, aiming to evaluate green and dry matter production and grain yield, as well as to separate forage and grain sorghum genotypes. The evaluations were performed based on experiments with three replications, being one irrigated (drip system) in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, and the other rainfed, in Nossa Senhora da Glória, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Sowing dates were July 30, 2016, in Nossa Senhora da Glória; July 13, 2017, and October 24, 2018, in Petrolina; with 117 and 128 days from sowing to harvest, respectively. Expressive forage production was observed in genotypes EP-17 and SF-11, which exceeded 120 t ha-1. BRS 506 produced 108 t ha-1, while 13F03(1141572), P-294, P-288, 2502 x 467, BRS Ponta Negra, and SF-15 presented green matter production ranging from 94 to 98.5 t ha-1. Dry matter production was highly correlated with green matter production, and SF-11 had the best performance of 45.5 t ha-1. The observed plant height was more expressive for forage sorghum genotypes, being this trait highly correlated with the green and dry matter. The best grain yield performance reached 13.4 and 10.3 t ha-1, values observed for 9910032 and BRS Ponta Negra, respectively. The results demonstrate the full adaptability of sorghum to the semi-arid environment and the feasibility to produce roughage and grains under irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

scholarly journals Intermittent Irrigation Enhances Morphological and Physiological Efficiency of Rice Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abha Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Condition ◽  
Matter Production

Abstract The response of rice roots and shoots and their causal relationships affecting yield under varying soil water condition are important related subjects of research. To understand the mechanism of response, studies were conducted using four water treatments: a) intermittent flooding through the vegetative stage (IF-V); b) intermittent flooding extended into the reproductive stage (IF-R); c) no standing water (NSW), maintaining soil at field capacity; and d) continuous flooding (CF) condition at the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. It was observed that the senescence of lower leaf and flag leaf was delayed under IF-V compared to CF water condition. This delay was associated with higher root oxidizing activity (ROA) rate (50% higher than CF), higher root length density (RLD) (52% higher than CF), higher biomass production (14% higher than CF) along with higher grain yield (25% higher than CF). The plants grown under NSW conditions had better growth at later growth stage and better yield performance compared to IF-R because of higher nitrogen availability and higher uptake rate under NSW water conditions (73% higher N uptake). However, under CF water condition the nitrogen availability was not a limiting factor but due to decreased root activity rate the dry matter production and grain yield significantly reduced compared to IF-V water condition. The results suggested that ROA and RLD are linked to shoot response and to dry matter production. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms should assist in achieving improvements in crop productivity through improved crop management practices in water-limiting environment.

Season, nitrogen rate, and plant type affect nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in rice

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Borrell ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
D. J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
N Use

Studies were undertaken in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area of northern Australia to improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) use for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. The aim was to maximise grain yield by optimising its functional components: N uptake, efficiency of N use for dry matter production (NUEdm), and harvest index (HI). The effiects of season (wet and dry), N rate (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg/ha), and plant type (maturity and stature) on N uptake, NUEdm, and HI were examined in 2 wet and 2 dry seasons. Leaf area development was closely related to N uptake. In the wet season, genotypes had similar rates of increase in leaf area index (LAI) with N uptake but differed in the level of LAI (curves were parallel). In the dry season, the relationship between N uptake and LAI was different for each genotype (curves not parallel). In both seasons cv. Newbonnet generally had a lower LAI per unit N uptake (i.e. leaf area production was not excessive) than cvv. Lemont and Starbonnet. Dry matter production and grain yield were also closely related to N uptake. At low levels of N availability (N uptake <100 kg/ha) tissue N concentrations were low and both total above-ground dry mass (AGDM) and grain yield were linearly related to N uptake. As N availability increased, N uptake and tissue N concentration increased, resulting in a deviation of the AGDM and grain yield curves from the linear at about 100 kg/haN uptake. This finally resulted in AGDM and grain yield plateauing at around 200 kg/ha N uptake. Above this level some factors other than N availability limited yield. Seasonal differences in N uptake, NUEdm, and HI were observed. Seasonal variation in the response of grain yield to N uptake was found. There was a trend for higher N uptake in the absence of fertiliser application in the wet than the dry season, and the recovery fraction was less for N rates >140 kg/ha in all seasons, i.e. fertiliser N uptake efficiency declined with increasing N rate. Nitrogen was used more effectively by the rice crop to produce grain compared with non-grain parts when average daily mean temperatures were lower during the period between panicle initiation and anthesis. Genotypic variation was found in N uptake, NUEdm, and HI. The ability to capture these components in crop improvement programs depends on the extent to which genetic linkages between N uptake and both NUEdm and HI can be broken. While our data suggest that N uptake is generally negatively correlated with both NUEdm and HI, there is some evidence that these linkages can be broken. For example, the fact that HIdid not change with increasing N uptake in Lemont and, to a lesser extent, in Newbonnet suggests that HI does not always decline with increasing N uptake. The example of Newbonnet suggests that, to some extent, it is possible to increase yield by increasing each of the functional components independently within a specific genotype.

Crop rotation and soil N amendment effects on maize production in eastern Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Ma ◽  
J. Ying ◽  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
M. J. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Continuous Maize

Relying less on fertilizer N and more on crop residual and biological N2 fixation by legume crops has been suggested as an effective way to meet the challenge of maximizing economic return while minimizing environmental pollution. A field study was conducted on a Brandon loam soil (Orthic Humic Gleysol) to determine the effects of crop rotation and N amendments on grain yield, crop growth, N uptake and use efficiency (NUE) of maize ( Zea mays L.) and fertilizer replacement values of legume. The rotations included maize in annual rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) or continuous maize. The soil N amendments included no amendment, NH4NO3 at 100 kg N ha-1, stockpiled or rotted dairy manure at 50 Mg ha-1 (wet weight). Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture. During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture. The effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maize (i.e., total dry matter production a n d crop growth rate) was most apparent during the grain filling period. Total maize dry matter production was similar up to silking stage for all three rotation systems; however, the difference in total dry matter between maize monoculture and maize in rotation with legume continued to increase after this stage so that the greatest differences were observed at physiological maturity. Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha-1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment. Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha-1 for soybean and 133 kg ha-1 for alfalfa. Our results indicate that maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha-1. The effect of legume preceding crop on maize dry matter production and N uptake is expressed mostly in the later stages of crop growth in this mid- to short-growing- season region. Key words: Rotation, Zea mays, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, manure, nitrogen use efficiency

Soil factors influencing growth and yield of narrow-leafed lupin and field pea in Western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. French
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wilting Point

Crop growth and grain yield of narrow-leafed lupin and field pea were compared in 40 field trials in the Western Australian wheatbelt in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Trials were arranged in clusters of 2 or 3 in close proximity, but on contrasting soil types. This enabled seasonal effects on growth and yield to be separated from soil type effects. Soil pH ranged from 4.1 to 5.8 at the surface and from 3.7 to 8.4 at 50 cm, A-horizon depth from 9 cm to >70 cm, and clay content at 50 cm from 0 to 54%. Other soil properties also varied across wide ranges. Some soil properties were closely correlated with one another; pH, electrical conductivity (EC), gravimetric water content (θg) at field capacity and at wilting point, and depth of the A-horizon were all correlated. Narrow-leafed lupin grain yield was 2.6 times as variable between trials within locations as field pea yield, which, on average, was 32% greater than narrow-leafed lupin yield. The pH, EC, θg) at field capacity, and θg) at wilting point each explained a large proportion of lupin yield variability on their own, but because they were closely correlated with one another, it was not possible to determine which had the primary effect on grain yield. I believe, on the basis of other work, that pH is an important factor in its own right. A-horizon depth explained 9% of the lupin trial variance but this was largely due to its correlation with pH and other related soil properties. When the effects of these were removed, depth still reduced the between-trial variance within locations but did not affect species differentially. Bulk density also reduced between-trial variance within locations without affecting species differentially. Altogether soil properties explained 42% of the lupin site variance but none of the pea site variance. The pH and correlated soil properties also explained much of the species site variance in dry matter production at maturity, but not in harvest index. Bulk density and A-horizon depth had small, but significant, effects on harvest index. Therefore, soil type affects grain yield in these species largely through its effect on dry matter production. I conclude that field pea is equally well adapted to the full range of soils in this study. Narrow-leafed lupin does not yield as well on soils with subsoil pH greater than 6.5 as on more acid soils. The depth of the A-horizon is only useful as a criterion for judging the suitability of a soil for growing narrow-leafed lupin insofar as it is correlated with pH.

scholarly journals Residual effects of superficial liming on tropical soil under no-tillage system

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Hideo Martins da Costa ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Jayme Ferrari Neto ◽  
Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Tillage System

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on soil fertility and on the mineral nutrition and grain yield of soybean, and of black oat and sorghum in crop succession. The experiment was carried out on a clayey Oxisol, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of lime the rates of 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 kg ha-1, applied in October 2002 and November 2004. Soil samples were collected at five soil layers, down to 0.60-m depth. Surface liming was effective in reducing soil acidity and increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents in the subsurface. Moreover, it increased available phosphorus contents and soil organic matter in the long term (48 to 60 months after the last lime application). Surface liming improved plant nutrition, mainly for N, Ca, and Mg, and increased dry matter production and grain yield of the crops, even in years with regular distribution of rainfall. The greatest productivities of soybean, black oat, and sorghum were obtained with the respective estimated lime doses of 4,000, 2,333, and 3,281 kg ha-1, for shoot dry matter, and of 2,550, 3,555, and over 4,000 kg ha-1, for grain yield.

Legumes intercropped with spring barley contribute to increased biomass production and carry-over effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. PAPPA ◽  
R. M. REES ◽  
R. L. WALKER ◽  
J. A. BADDELEY ◽  
C. A. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Carry Over

SUMMARYIntercropping systems that include legumes can provide symbiotically fixed nitrogen (N) and potentially increase yield through improved resource use efficiency. The aims of the present study were: (a) to evaluate the effects of different legumes (species and varieties) and barley on grain yield, dry matter production and N uptake of the intercrop treatments compared with the associated cereal sole crop; (b) to assess the effects on the yields of the next grain crop and (c) to determine the accumulation of N in shoots of the crops in a low-input rotation. An experiment was established near Edinburgh, UK, consisting of 12 hydrologically isolated plots. Treatments were a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare cvar Westminster) sole crop and intercrops of barley/white clover (Trifolium repens cvar Alice) and barley/pea (Pisum sativum cvar Zero4 or cvar Nitouche) in 2006. All the plots were sown with spring oats (Avena sativa cvar Firth) in 2007 and perennial ryegrass in 2008. No fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides were used at any stage of the experiment. Above-ground biomass (barley, clover, pea, oat and ryegrass) and grain yields (barley, pea and oat) were measured at key stages during the growing seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008; land equivalent ratio (LER) was measured only in 2006. At harvest, the total above-ground biomass of barley intercropped with clover (4·56 t biomass/ha) and barley intercropped with pea cvar Zero4 (4·49 t biomass/ha) were significantly different from the barley sole crop (3·05 t biomass/ha; P<0·05). The grain yield of the barley (2006) intercropped with clover (3·36 t grain/ha) was significantly greater than that in the other treatments (P<0·01). The accumulation of N in barley was low in 2006, but significantly higher (P<0·05) in the oat grown the following year on the same plots. The present study demonstrates for the first time that intercrops can affect the grain yield and N uptake of the following crop (spring oats) in a rotation. Differences were also linked to the contrasting legume species and cultivars present in the previous year's intercrop. Legume choice is essential to optimize the plant productivity in intercropping designs. Cultivars chosen for intercropping purposes must take into account the effects upon the growth of the partner crop/s as well as to the following crop, including environmental factors.

scholarly journals Poultry and cattle manure effects on sunflower performance, grain yield and selected soil properties in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matome J. Mokgolo ◽  
Jestino Mzezewa ◽  
Jude J.O. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Cropping Season

The application of organic manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilisers is considered a good agricultural practice for smallholder farmers. However, the effect of organic manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its application rate and its chemical composition. A field experiment was carried out during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons at the University of Venda experimental farm (Limpopo Province, South Africa) to determine the effect of three organic manures (cattle, poultry and their 1:1 combination, 20 t/ha) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) performance, grain yield and selected soil properties under rainfed conditions. Poultry manure produced the highest final infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration followed by cattle manure, their combination and the control in that order. Total nitrogen, calcium, and zinc were significantly different between treatments in the first season while potassium, sodium, and zinc were significantly different in the second season. Manure combination and poultry manure produced the highest organic carbon and available phosphorus, respectively, in both seasons compared to other treatments. Organic manure application had a significant (p less than 0.05) effect on dry matter, plant height and stem girth at all growth stages in the second cropping season but only in the flower bud stage for both parameters in the first season. Manure application in the second season resulted in an increase in the grain yield compared to the first season, except after application of poultry manure whereafter the grain yield decreased significantly by 168% from the first cropping season. The application of organic manure had a significant effect on sunflower grain yield, dry matter, head dry matter, plant height and stem girth throughout all growing stages in the second cropping season with poultry manure producing the best values.

scholarly journals Soil Nutrients Effects on the Performance of Durum Wheat Inoculated with Entomopathogenic Fungi

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Adrián González-Guzmán ◽  
Daniel Sacristán ◽  
Antonio Rafael Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Vidal Barrón ◽  
José Torrent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Available Phosphorus ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Fungal Inoculation

Entomopathogenic fungi (EFs) are widely used as biological control agents. However, some strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum can also promote plant growth and increase nutrient uptake. We examined the effects of soil properties on the performance of Triticum durum inoculated by seed dressing with these EFs and grown on 12 agricultural soils. The plants were supplied with all nutrients except P and Zn (essential for yield and the grain quality of wheat). Fungal inoculation increased the grain yield and harvest index significantly with B. bassiana (17% and 14%, respectively) but not with M. brunneum (6% and 6%, respectively). The increase in grain yield was positively and moderately correlated with the soil available phosphorus (POlsen) in plants inoculated with B. bassiana and with the soil content in poorly crystalline Fe oxides with M. brunneum. In addition, the increase in aerial dry matter resulting from inoculation with B. bassiana was negatively correlated with soil available Zn. Furthermore, the observed increase in grain yields due to fungal inoculation resulted in P and Zn grain dilution (grain nutrient concentrations decrease). Inoculation with B. bassiana increased grain Zn uptake and the proportion of Zn in grain relative to that in aerial dry matter. Success in the mutualistic relationship between EF and wheat plants depends on the fungal strain and soil properties.

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