Possible contribution of protozoa to differences in rumen metabolism between cattle breeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Body Tissues

Brahman (B) and Hereford (H) cattle were used to study protozoal population density of ruminal fluid (RF) in relation to some aspects of rumen and body metabolism. Steers were fed restricted intakes of lucerne hay (HQ) or low-quality hay (LQ) in each of eight experiments. In the 8 h period following the once-daily feeding of HQ the number of entodiniomorphs declined by 50%, while the number of holotrichs increased by 60% before reducing to pre-feeding levels. There were no significant rises and falls in the numbers of protozoa of steers fed LQ once daily nor in those fed either HQ or LQ at hourly intervals. The numbers of entodiniomorphs, dasytrichs, total protozoa, pH and bacterial content of RF were higher and rumen temperature lower in B than in H. Urinary allantoin excretion used as an index of the total microbial population in the rumen distinguished between diets but not between breeds. The concentrations of propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids in RF and of glucose in plasma were higher in B than in H. The concentrations of all classes of long-chain fatty acids contained in the protozoa and bacteria of RF and of cholesterol and essential fatty acids in plasma were higher in B than in H. The amount of dry matter disappearing from nylon bags in the rumen of steers fed HQ did not differ between breeds, but was higher in B than in H fed LQ. Elevation of pH to peak values in RF with an accompanying disappearance of protozoa and volatile fatty acids during fasting from either HQ or LQ occurred more rapidly in B than in H. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were higher in B than in H during fasting. It is proposed that at the same level of intake of either HQ or LQ: (1) the higher protozoal population density in RF of B contributes to quantitative breed differences in the end products of digestion, (2) that B achieve and maintain a higher body weight because more metabolizable energy and essential nutrients are supplied from the rumen to their body tissues, and (3) after the same period of feed deprivation B have fasted for a longer period of time because the residual feed in their rumens is fermented at a more rapid rate.

scholarly journals The influence of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on milk yield and composition and on energy utilization by lactating cows

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
W. P. Flatt ◽  
P. W. Moe ◽  
A. W. Munson ◽  
R. W. Hemken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Basal Ration

1. In an experiment of 3 x 3 latin square design, four lactating Holstein cows were given a basal ration designed to induce low percentages of milk fat. The treatments were (I) basal ration, a pelleted mixture of lucerne hay (20%) and concentrates (80%), with 40 l. of water infused intraruminally, (2) basal ration with acetic acid substituted for 15.4% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and (3) propionic acid substituted for 15.4% of the ME. In the last 3 weeks of the 6-week experimental period respiration trials were carried out in an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. The levels of feeding offered in the three periods were 325, 275 and 225 kcal ME/kg body-weight 0.75 in periods 1, 2 and 3 respectively.2. No differences were detected in the utilization of the energy of acetic and propionic acids, but there were differences in the partition of energy into milk or body tissues; with acetic acid infusion more energy was secreted as milk and with propionic acid infusion more was deposited in body tissue.3. There was an increase in milk fat percentage with acetic acid infusion, but not complete recovery to normal. The milk fat percentages were 1.96, 2.58 and 1.92 for treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Acetic acid infusion caused increases in the C12, C14 and C16 fatty acids of milk fat and decreased the proportion of C18:1 fatty acids.4. It is suggested that the low percentages of milk fat found when cows are given concen- trates could result from a decreased extent of fermentation in the rumen, allowing a greater proportion of the starch consumed to be absorbed as glucose in the small intestine.

Metabolic effects of safflower oil given as a supplement for steers fed roughage diets at restricted intake

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Brahman Steers

Supplements of safflower oil (300 mL/day) were given to groups of steers fed 4 different diets. Hereford steers were fed 6 kg/day lucerne hay (LH) or LH + 33 mg/kg monensin (LHM). Brahman steers were fed 4 kg/day low quality hay (DA) or DA + 1 kg sucrose + 60 g urea + 2.7 g sulfur (DAS). Metabolic measurements were made when the animals were fed an equal portion of the daily ration at hourly intervals. On all diets, safflower oil had no affect on rumen temperature, pH or the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Safflower oil increased concentrations (mg/L) of microbial lipid in ruminal fluid (LH, 160.4 v. 317.1; LHM, 266 v. 541.7; DA, 194.6 v. 321.8; DAS, 172.8 v. 440.5) and increased plasma concentrations (�g/mL) of non-esterified fatty acids (LH, 117.2 v. 180.1; LHM, 101.1 v. 189.5; DA, 218.2 v 325.4; DAS, 197.4 v 311.4), especially 18:1 trans- 11 and polyunsaturated acids. In steers fed DA and DAS, safflower oil reduced protozoal numbers and increased the bacterial mass in ruminal fluid, and increased water intake and the daily amounts of urinary allantoin excreted. The addition of safflower oil to all diets depressed plasma urea concentrations (mg/L) (LH, 233 v. 203; LHM, 236 v. 191; DA, 74.6 v. 47.6; DAS, 96.6 v. 54). The excretion of daily amounts (mg/kg liveweight) of urinary urea increased in animals fed DA (3.5 v. 10.0) and DAS (6.2 v. 13.6) but decreased in those fed LH (208.8 v. 187.9) and LHM (188.8 v. 158.1). Safflower oil supplementation conserved body protein, accelerated liveweight gains in animals fed LH and LHM diets and retarded liveweight loss in those fed DA and DAS diets.

scholarly journals Effect of time of supplementary feeding on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of grass hay by sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
I. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Male Sheep

AbstractEffects of time of supplementation on forage intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation were studied with 12 mature castrated male sheep (wethers) offered grass hay from 16.30 h to 09.30 h and supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate given at either 09.30 or 16.00 h. Voluntary intake of hay organic matter (OM) was decreased by feeding the concentrate (P< 0·01). Offering concentrate at 09.30 h after hay was available, increased intake of hay and total OM compared with offering it at 16.00 h before hay was available (P< 0·05). Daily pattern of hay intake was not changed when concentrate was offered at 09.30 h compared with feeding hay alone, but concentrate given at 16.00 h resulted in a lower hay intake between 16.30 and 18.00 h. Sheep offered concentrate at 09.30 h had higher rumen ammonia levels than those offered concentrate at 16.00 h, but there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, rumen pH and molar proportions of the main volatile fatty acids. There were also no differences between groups in the blood plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (30HB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. It is concluded that feeding supplement after rather than before a period of intake of forage or a bout of grazing may offer a means of minimizing reduction of forage intake as a consequence of feeding concentrate.

Intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniimodulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Sarah J Terrill ◽  
Alberto Mazzolari ◽  
Suzanna M Dunn ◽  
Wen Z Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Fermentation Profile

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniion ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day ofM. elsdeniiATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 108cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15m), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate (P<0·01) and valerate (P<0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate (P<0·01), isobutyrate (P=0·05) and isovalerate (P<0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase (P=0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding (P<0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment (P>0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate thatM. elsdeniihas the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.

Utilisation of the end products of ruminant digestion

1957 ◽  
Vol 1957 ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
End Products

The work of the late Sir Joseph Barcroft and his collaborators (see Elsden & Phillipson, 1948) left little doubt that, in ruminants, the end products of the bacterial dissimilation of dietary carbohydrate included large amounts of the steam-volatile fatty acids—acetic, propionic and butyric acids. More recently, el Shazly (1952a, b) has shown that the steam-volatile fatty acids also arise together with ammonia during the bacterial breakdown of amino-acids in the rumen. Studies by Pfander & Phillipson (1953) and Schambye (1955) further indicate that the acids are absorbed from the digestive tract in amounts that suggest they make a major contribution to the energy requirement of the animal. Quantitative data relative to the amounts absorbed, however, are difficult to obtain. Carroll & Hungate (1954) have calculated that in cattle some 6,000-12,000 Cal. of energy are available from the acids produced by fermentation in the rumen. With sheep, Phillipson & Cuthbertson (1956) have calculated from the results of Schambye (1951a, b; 1955) that at least 600-1,200 Cal. of energy in the form of steam-volatile fatty acids could be absorbed every 24 hrs. Since the fasting heat production of the steer is about 6,500 Cal./24 hrs. and that of the sheep about 1,100 Cal./24 hrs. it is clear that if the fatty acids can be utilised efficiently by the body tissues, they could make a major contribution to the energy requirements, at least those for maintenance.

Thyroid hormone concentrations in the plasma of fed and fasted Brahman and Hereford steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Brahman Steers

Plasma concentration patterns of thyroxine (TJ, free T4 (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and free T3 (FT3) were determined in Brahman steers fed lucerne hay ad libitum and in Brahman and Hereford steers fed restricted intakes of lucerne hay at the rate of either 208 g/h before fasting for 72 h or 250 g/h before fasting for 96 h. In Brahmans fed ad libitum, the plasma concentrations of all thyroid hormone fractions were significantly (P<0.01) correlated with one another and with feed intake. Within breeds, the concentrations of thyroid hormones were higher (P<0.001) when animals were fed at 250 g k than at 208 g/h. During both hourly feeding regimes T4, FT4, T3, and FT3 concentrations were higher (P<0.001) in Brahmans than in Herefords. Fasting after both hourly feeding regimes lowered (P<0.001) the concentrations of T4 about 53% in Brahmans and 30% in Herefords, while FT4, T3, and FT3 were lowered about 68% in Brahmans and 50% in Herefords. Consequently, thyroid hormone concentrations were significantly lower in Brahmans than in Herefords after 72 h fasting but did not differ significantly between breeds after 96 h fasting. The present results, together with those of our previous work showing breed differences in rumen metabolism, support the concept that, in Hereford and Brahman steers fed the same amount of hay in a thermoneutral environment, breed differences in plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones originate from quantitative differences in the supply of nutrients from the rumen to body tissues.

scholarly journals Utilization of volatile fatty acids and glucose for protein deposition in lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eskelandt ◽  
W. H. Pfander ◽  
R. L. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Butyrate Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Infusion

1. Glucose, and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, the major energy sources available to ruminants, have been comparatively evaluated as energy sources for growth in lambs. The energy sources were administered intravenously at 2·092 and 2·510 MJ metabolizable energy per 24 h for periods of 9–12 d. Nitrogen was given in excess of requirement so that growth rate was limited by energy, as indicated by the increased N retention after intravenous administration of energy.2. The N-balance results from the trials showed that propionic acid promoted a significantly (P < 0·01) higher N retention than acetic acid. In some of the experiments there were no significant differences between propionic and butyric acids, and in others, no significant differences between acetic and butyric acids. Compared with isoenergetic glucose infusion, all volatile fatty acids were less efficiently utilized than glucose. The mean values for N balance (g/d) were 2·31 during control infusion, 6·53, 5·71, 5·48 and 4·59 during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusions, respectively.3. All energy sources reduced the faecal N excretion significantly. The greatest reduction was observed during butyrate treatment. The mean values for faecal N excretion (g/d) were 4·24 for control, 4·00 for acetate, 3·89 for propionate, 3·83 for glucose, and 3·76 for butyrate infusion. The reduced faecal N excretion after butyrate infusion partly accounts for the increased N retention with that treatment.

RUMINAL DIGESTION OF ALFALFA STRAINS SELECTED FOR SLOW AND FAST INITIAL RATES OF DIGESTION

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KUDO ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
M. R. HANNA ◽  
R. E. HOWARTH ◽  
B. P. GOPLEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

A feeding trial, using six fistulated sheep, was conducted to evaluate two strains of alfalfa that were selected for slow and fast initial rates of digestion (IRD). To determine how these strains affect rumen metabolism, samples of rumen fluid were collected before feeding, as well as 2 h and 4 h after feeding. Concentrations of soluble protein, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophyll, volatile fatty acids and hydrogen ions were significantly lower in rumen fluid from sheep fed slow-IRD alfalfa compared to sheep fed fast-IRD alfalfa. These results show that the bloat-causing potential of alfalfa might be reduced through further breeding for slow-IRD strains. Key words: Bloat, legumes, Medicago sativa L., nylon bag, chlorophyll, pH

scholarly journals Variation of Fatty Acids and Antioxidants Contents of Vegetarian Rayeb Milk as Affected by Fortification with Natural and Artificial Sweeteners

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Magdy Mohamed Ismail ◽  
Magdy Mohamed Ismail ◽  
Mohamed Abdou Mousa ◽  
Mohamed Ismail Abou-Dobara ◽  
Nawal Mohamed Refat
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Mixture ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Rayeb milk (bio-stirred yogurt) samples were prepared from cow milk sesame milk or cow and sesame milk mixture (1:1) with or without adding sucrose (5%), honey (5%), fructose (2.5%) and sorbitol (1.5%) and using ABT-5 culture. Results showed levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA were lower whereas values of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUSFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) and long chain fatty acids (LCFA) were higher in sesame milk Rayeb than that of Rayeb manufactured from cow milk. Rayeb made from cow and sesame mixture had higher levels of antioxidant activity than Rayeb prepared from cow milk or sesame milk. The acidity, total solids and total volatile fatty acids values of Rayeb milk treatments contained sweeteners were higher than that of control. The addition of sweeteners decreased SFA, SCFA and MCFA and increased USFA, MUSFA, PUSFA, LCFA and antioxidant activity values of Rayeb milk. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (omega-6), α-linolenic acid (omega-3) and oleic acid (omega-9) greatly increased in Rayeb made from cow and sesame milk mixture. Adding sweeteners had the same effect. Fortification of Rayeb milk with sweeteners highly improved the smell, taste, mouth feel, texture and body evaluation scores.

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