Metabolic effects of safflower oil given as a supplement for steers fed roughage diets at restricted intake

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Brahman Steers

Supplements of safflower oil (300 mL/day) were given to groups of steers fed 4 different diets. Hereford steers were fed 6 kg/day lucerne hay (LH) or LH + 33 mg/kg monensin (LHM). Brahman steers were fed 4 kg/day low quality hay (DA) or DA + 1 kg sucrose + 60 g urea + 2.7 g sulfur (DAS). Metabolic measurements were made when the animals were fed an equal portion of the daily ration at hourly intervals. On all diets, safflower oil had no affect on rumen temperature, pH or the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Safflower oil increased concentrations (mg/L) of microbial lipid in ruminal fluid (LH, 160.4 v. 317.1; LHM, 266 v. 541.7; DA, 194.6 v. 321.8; DAS, 172.8 v. 440.5) and increased plasma concentrations (�g/mL) of non-esterified fatty acids (LH, 117.2 v. 180.1; LHM, 101.1 v. 189.5; DA, 218.2 v 325.4; DAS, 197.4 v 311.4), especially 18:1 trans- 11 and polyunsaturated acids. In steers fed DA and DAS, safflower oil reduced protozoal numbers and increased the bacterial mass in ruminal fluid, and increased water intake and the daily amounts of urinary allantoin excreted. The addition of safflower oil to all diets depressed plasma urea concentrations (mg/L) (LH, 233 v. 203; LHM, 236 v. 191; DA, 74.6 v. 47.6; DAS, 96.6 v. 54). The excretion of daily amounts (mg/kg liveweight) of urinary urea increased in animals fed DA (3.5 v. 10.0) and DAS (6.2 v. 13.6) but decreased in those fed LH (208.8 v. 187.9) and LHM (188.8 v. 158.1). Safflower oil supplementation conserved body protein, accelerated liveweight gains in animals fed LH and LHM diets and retarded liveweight loss in those fed DA and DAS diets.

Possible contribution of protozoa to differences in rumen metabolism between cattle breeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Body Tissues

Brahman (B) and Hereford (H) cattle were used to study protozoal population density of ruminal fluid (RF) in relation to some aspects of rumen and body metabolism. Steers were fed restricted intakes of lucerne hay (HQ) or low-quality hay (LQ) in each of eight experiments. In the 8 h period following the once-daily feeding of HQ the number of entodiniomorphs declined by 50%, while the number of holotrichs increased by 60% before reducing to pre-feeding levels. There were no significant rises and falls in the numbers of protozoa of steers fed LQ once daily nor in those fed either HQ or LQ at hourly intervals. The numbers of entodiniomorphs, dasytrichs, total protozoa, pH and bacterial content of RF were higher and rumen temperature lower in B than in H. Urinary allantoin excretion used as an index of the total microbial population in the rumen distinguished between diets but not between breeds. The concentrations of propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids in RF and of glucose in plasma were higher in B than in H. The concentrations of all classes of long-chain fatty acids contained in the protozoa and bacteria of RF and of cholesterol and essential fatty acids in plasma were higher in B than in H. The amount of dry matter disappearing from nylon bags in the rumen of steers fed HQ did not differ between breeds, but was higher in B than in H fed LQ. Elevation of pH to peak values in RF with an accompanying disappearance of protozoa and volatile fatty acids during fasting from either HQ or LQ occurred more rapidly in B than in H. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were higher in B than in H during fasting. It is proposed that at the same level of intake of either HQ or LQ: (1) the higher protozoal population density in RF of B contributes to quantitative breed differences in the end products of digestion, (2) that B achieve and maintain a higher body weight because more metabolizable energy and essential nutrients are supplied from the rumen to their body tissues, and (3) after the same period of feed deprivation B have fasted for a longer period of time because the residual feed in their rumens is fermented at a more rapid rate.

The influence of rumen volatile fatty acids on blood metabolites and body composition of growing lambs

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
HA Abdul-Razzaq ◽  
R Bickerstaffe ◽  
GP Savage
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Acid Type

Changes in the body composition, blood metabolites and rumen volatile fatty acids were measured in growing 12-week-old lambs fed whole-loose barley or ground barley pelleted with minerals for 10 weeks. Feeding whole-loose barley produced a propionic type of rumen fermentation and ground barley pelleted with minerals, an acetic acid type.The propionic type of fermentation was associated with a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, a reduction in the concentrations of plasma urea, and a reduction in almost all of the plasma amino acids, particularly alanine, methionine, valine, isoleucine and leucine. There was also a significant increase in the amount of body fat and dry matter, a higher level of protein per kg fat free empty body weight, and a more efficient utilization of dietary energy in the animals with a propionic acid type of fermentation.The elevation in the concentration of rumen propionic acid produced two important changes. It increased the supply of the main glucogenic precursor propionate, which probably reduces the body's requirement for alternative gluconeogenic precursors, and it stimulated directly and/or indirectly the pancreatic secretion of insulin. The latter is most likely responsible for the efficient peripheral utilization of glucose and other nutrients in lambs with a propionic acid type of rumen fermentation.Thus, a propionic type of fermentation is associated with an increase in the plasma levels of glucose and insulin, an increase in fat deposition and an increase in the efficiency of ME retention; all of these factors contribute to the improved performance of this group of lambs compared to those with an acetic acid type of fermentation.

scholarly journals Effect of time of supplementary feeding on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of grass hay by sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
I. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Male Sheep

AbstractEffects of time of supplementation on forage intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation were studied with 12 mature castrated male sheep (wethers) offered grass hay from 16.30 h to 09.30 h and supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate given at either 09.30 or 16.00 h. Voluntary intake of hay organic matter (OM) was decreased by feeding the concentrate (P< 0·01). Offering concentrate at 09.30 h after hay was available, increased intake of hay and total OM compared with offering it at 16.00 h before hay was available (P< 0·05). Daily pattern of hay intake was not changed when concentrate was offered at 09.30 h compared with feeding hay alone, but concentrate given at 16.00 h resulted in a lower hay intake between 16.30 and 18.00 h. Sheep offered concentrate at 09.30 h had higher rumen ammonia levels than those offered concentrate at 16.00 h, but there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, rumen pH and molar proportions of the main volatile fatty acids. There were also no differences between groups in the blood plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (30HB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. It is concluded that feeding supplement after rather than before a period of intake of forage or a bout of grazing may offer a means of minimizing reduction of forage intake as a consequence of feeding concentrate.

Effects of growth hormone-releasing factors and cottonseed meal on hormones and metabolites in plasma from lambs fed lucerne chaff ad libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Sainz ◽  
BJ Hosking ◽  
FJ Hart ◽  
GSG Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study was part of an experiment on the effects of cottonseed meal (CSM) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) on growth in lambs fed lucerne chaff. Forty-eight crossbred lambs were fed lucerne chaff ad libitum, alone or with a cottonseed meal supplement (CSM; 300 g/day). Eight lambs from each group were injected twice daily with recombinant or synthetic GRF (rGRF and sGRF respectively; 30 8g per kg body weight/day) or excipient only for 28 or 30 days. Jugular blood samples were obtained on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. On day 29, blood samples were taken from selected lambs (n = 2/group) at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160 and 240 min after injection. Supplementation of lucerne chaff with CSM generally increased glucose and urea concentrations in plasma, reflecting improved energy and protein status. However, concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin were unaffected by CSM, as were plasma proteins, triacylglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids. Injection of rGRF and sGRF stimulated secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin. Peak GH concentrations (20 min) following injection of GRF appeared to be higher in lambs fed CSM than in those receiving lucerne chaff alone. In contrast, maximal concentrations of IGF-1 were seen after 14 days of treatment. These changes were accompanied by increased plasma glucose, with no changes in triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and protein. Plasma urea was reduced by GRF, indicating that amino acids were diverted away from catabolism towards protein synthesis. These two sources of GRF were very similar in their endocrine and metabolic effects. This confirms similar observations regarding their effects on growth performance and carcass composition.

Intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniimodulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Sarah J Terrill ◽  
Alberto Mazzolari ◽  
Suzanna M Dunn ◽  
Wen Z Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Fermentation Profile

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniion ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day ofM. elsdeniiATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 108cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15m), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate (P<0·01) and valerate (P<0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate (P<0·01), isobutyrate (P=0·05) and isovalerate (P<0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase (P=0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding (P<0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment (P>0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate thatM. elsdeniihas the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.

Effects of supplementation with safflower oil on voluntary feed intake and tissue fatty acid composition of steers fed low quality hay ad libitum

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

The effect of safflower oil supplement (200 mL/day) on voluntary feed intake and fatty acid composition of plasma, blood platelets, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and M. longissimus dorsi muscle was studied in Brahman steers consuming a low quality hay. The initial mean liveweight (LW) of the steers was 197 kg. Mean LW gain over 50 days was 20 kg for all steers, but voluntary feed intake (5.63 kg/day) was reduced by 1.02 kg/day with safflower oil. Supplementation increased the plasma concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, indicating a less complete hydrogenation of dietary safflower oil than of hay by rumen microorganisms. Safflower oil altered the fatty acid (FA) profiles of platelet and muscle phospholipids. with increases in the proportions of monounsaturated acids (MFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) and associated decreases in the proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The neutral lipids of adipose tissue consisted of 60% SFA and 38% MFA in steers fed hay alone, compared with 53% SFA and 45% MFA in supplemented steers. Safflower oil had no effect on the total fat content of muscle; the concentration of PFA was not significantly altered, but SFA decreased 17% in parallel with a 23% increase in MFA. The results support proposals that dietary oil supplements may be used to reduce forage intake during dry season or drought, to conserve body protein and to modify the FA composition of meat phospholipids which may, in turn, influence meat quality of ruminants consuming low quality roughage diets.

Digestion by ruminant lambs of a diet containing formaldehyde-treated casein

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Level

Digestion of a diet containing 10% casein, either untreated or treated with formaldehyde, was studied in crossbred wether lambs. The treatment prevented breakdown of the casein in rumen liquor in vitro. There was a highly significant decrease in organic matter digestion in the rumen when the treated casein diet was given to the lambs. This was accounted for by increases in the amounts of protein and starch passing to the intestines. There was a 60 % increase in the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen and a 55 % increase in the amount of starch digested in the intestines. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen were significantly lower. There were increases in the plasma levels of insulin and �-amino nitrogen and a decrease in the plasma urea level in response to the treatment.

Intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility by beef steers consuming Pensacola bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Tessa M Schulmeister ◽  
Carla D Sanford ◽  
Luara B Canal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract To determine the effect of CaO treated Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, 9 ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred steers were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Steers had ad libitum access to either: 1) untreated dry hay (DH;  n = 8); 2) hay at 50% DM treated with 8.9% CaCO3 [dry matter (DM) basis; CC; n = 9]; or 3) hay at 50% DM treated with 5% CaO (DM basis; CO; n = 8). Water was added to reach 50% DM in the CC and CO diets. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected every 3 h for 24 h. Ruminal fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Hay and fecal samples were collected for 4 d, 4 times daily for hay and twice daily for feces, to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. The hay provided to steers during the digestibility period was analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for 48h. Data were analyzed as repeated measures for blood and ruminal fermentation parameters. Total DM intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.674) by treatment. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.001) was observed for average ruminal pH, where steers consuming CO had the greatest pH (P &lt; 0.001). Ruminal concentration of NH3-N tended (P = 0.059) to be reduced in steers consuming CO. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.023) on concentrations of PUN, where at 3 h DH and CO were lesser than CC (P ≤ 0.050) and at 21 h DH was lesser than CC (P = 0.020). Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, branched-chain VFA, and valerate concentrations were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.035), where a reduction (P ≤ 0.034) occurred in steers consuming CO. No treatment differences were observed for total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.186), organic matter (P = 0.169), or crude protein (P = 0.152); however, steers consuming DH had greater neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.038) than CC and tended to be greater than CO (P = 0.082). The CO hay had greater (P = 0.005) IVOMD compared with DH and tended (P = 0.100) to be greater than CC. Bahiagrass hay treated with CaO may reduce ruminal fermentation, as indicated by decreased total VFA concentration without altering DM intake. The addition of CaO did not improve the digestibility of bahiagrass hay in vivo; however, in vitro results are contradictory and warrant further elucidation.

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