A survey of the effects of high temperature during grain filling on yield and quality of 75 wheat cultivars

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Apparent Amylose Content ◽  
Very High

The responses of 75 cultivars of wheat to a short (3 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max.) applied at either 10 or 30 days after anthesis were examined under controlled conditions. The effect of high temperature on a number of yield (grain number, individual kernel mass and N per kernel) and quality components (protein composition, apparent amylose content and noodle swelling power) is described for the sample population and for a number of varieties which were either particularly heat tolerant or sensitive. Genotypic variation of response to high temperature of the order of 20% was recorded for the majority of yield and quality components. The fact that responses of this magnitude were caused by exposure to high temperatures lasting only 5 to 6% of the grain filling period demonstrates the extent to which short periods of very high temperature may affect wheat yield and quality.

Wheat Cultivars Vary Widely in Their Responses of Grain Yield and Quality to Short Periods of Post-Anthesis Heat Stress

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Apparent Amylose Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Short periods of high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the post-anthesis period in Australian wheat crops and have recently been shown to significantly reduce grain yield and quality. In view of this, 75 cultivars of wheat were screened for tolerance to 3 days of high temperature (max. 40�C). Detailed results for grain yield and quality are presented for five wheat cultivars in order to illustrate the wide range of responses to short periods of high temperature. Individual kernel mass decreased by up to 23%, depending on variety, and the gliadin : glutenin ratio altered in the range -9 to +18% in response to high temperature treatment, also depending on variety. Noodle swelling power was significantly affected by heat in two cultivars, but there was no significant change due to heat in the apparent amylose content in any variety. The marked response of several yield and quality components to a heat treatment lasting only ca 5% of the grain-filling period suggests that starch and protein synthesis do not immediately andlor fully recover from short, severe heat stress. In addition, we conclude that wheat shows considerable genetic variability in tolerance to short periods of high temperature for both grain yield and quality.

The Influence of Recovery Temperature on the Effects of a Brief Heat Shock on Wheat. I. Grain Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
R Savin ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Mature Individual ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderately High Temperature ◽  
Individual Kernel

The responses of wheat yield to moderately high (20-32�C) and very high temperatures (> 32�C) have been studied separately in the literature, but not in combination, despite the fact that this is usually how elevated temperatures occur in the field. In this study, controlled environment conditions were used in order to examine the interaction of moderately high and very high temperatures during grain filling and their effect on wheat yield. Specifically, we wished to test the hypothesis that cooler conditions would facilitate greater recovery of grain growth following a brief exposure to very high temperature. To this end, wheat was exposed to either 21/16 or 40/16�C (day/night) from 15-19 days after anthesis and subsequently grown under one of three moderately high temperature regimes until maturity: 21/16, 27/22 or 30/25�C. For all moderately high temperature treatments, a brief 'heat shock' significantly reduced mature individual kernel mass by 17%, on average. In the absence of 'heat shock', increasing moderately high temperature progressively reduced mature individual kernel mass by ca 2.5% for each 1�C increase in average daily temperature. After a 'heat shock' event, however, there was not a progressive decline in mature individual kernel mass with increasing moderately high temperature. A short period of very high temperature applied early in grain filling therefore reduced the response of wheat to subsequent moderately high temperatures. We conclude that the reduction in yield caused by 'heat shock' is not alleviated by cool post-shock conditions.

The Influence of Recovery Treatment on the Effects of a Brief Heat Shock on Wheat. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation During Grain Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Very High

In this study, we have sought to identify the nature of the response to both moderately high (25-32�C) and very high (>32�C) temperatures by examining their interactive effects on the accumulation of functionally important proteins during grain-filling. In particular, we wished to determine if the deleterious effects of very high temperature could be alleviated by subsequently cool conditions. To this end, wheat cv. Oxley was exposed to either 21/16 or 40/16�C (day/night) from 15 to 19 days after anthesis and subsequently grown under one of three temperature regimes until maturity: 21/16 (control), 27/22 or 30/25�C. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition. Wheat proteins were separated and quantified as albumin,globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The various protein fractions responded differentially and usually additively to moderately high and very high temperatures during grain-filling. Cool post-shock conditions did not alleviate the effects of very high temperature on grain protein composition. Heat treatments reduced polymer:monomer ratio because the accumulation of monomer was reduced less than that of polymer.

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.

scholarly journals Genetic Control and High Temperature Effects on Starch Biosynthesis and Grain Quality in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Heng Xu ◽  
Yingying Jiang ◽  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Shiyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Starch Structure ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Grain quality is one of the key targets to be improved for rice breeders and covers cooking, eating, nutritional, appearance, milling, and sensory properties. Cooking and eating quality are mostly of concern to consumers and mainly determined by starch structure and composition. Although many starch synthesis enzymes have been identified and starch synthesis system has been established for a long time, novel functions of some starch synthesis genes have continually been found, and many important regulatory factors for seed development and grain quality control have recently been identified. Here, we summarize the progress in this field as comprehensively as possible and hopefully reveal some underlying molecular mechanisms controlling eating quality in rice. The regulatory network of amylose content (AC) determination is emphasized, as AC is the most important index for rice eating quality (REQ). Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of REQ, especially AC influenced by high temperature which is concerned as a most harmful environmental factor during grain filling is highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals Analysis of effects in wheat of high temperature on grain filling attributes estimated from mathematical models of grain filling

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ZAHEDI ◽  
C. F. JENNER
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Response To Temperature

Compared with growth at 20/15°C (day/night), exposure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to moderately high temperature (30/25°C) significantly decreased grain weight through shortening the duration of grain filling, combined with small (or no) positive increases in the rate of grain filling. Several mathematical models of grain filling were assessed for their suitability as means of analysing these effects of temperature. The ordinary logistic model was found to be the most appropriate model and was used for the analysis of grain filling responses in four cultivars differing in their responses. Genotypic variation in response to temperature was observed for both rate and duration of grain filling, but the variation for the duration of grain filling among cultivars was small at the higher temperature. Significant correlation was found between single grain weight with the rate, but not with the duration, of grain filling at high temperature, which indicated an important role for synthetic processes involved in grain filling in the temperature sensitivity of wheat cultivars. As they are independent traits, both rate and duration are required selection criteria for the improvement of heat tolerance. Responses of one attribute estimated from the logistic model, the inflection point of the course of grain filling, may give insight into a temperature response that is distinguishable from that associated with the duration of grain filling. The inflection point appears to be worth including as a criterion in selecting for high temperature tolerance in wheat.

Comparison of sudden heat stress with gradual exposure to high temperature during grain filling in two wheat varieties differing in heat tolerance. II. Fractional protein accumulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Stone ◽  
M.E. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to either a sudden or gradual (6°C h-1) increase from 20 to 40°C to determine if the rate of temperature increase used in controlled-environment studies (1) alters the accumulation of functionally important proteins during grain-filling, and (2) affects the ability to discriminate between heat tolerant and sensitive varieties of wheat. After heat treatment, grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition. Wheat proteins were separated and quantified as albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The rate of temperature increase exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the suddenness of heat stress. The acclimation to heat stress afforded by a gradual increase to high temperature can mitigate the effects of heat stress on fractional protein accumulation, and consequently grain protein composition at maturity. Furthermore, the ability of wheat to acclimate to high temperature varies between genotypes, and this needs to be taken into account when selecting for heat tolerance.

Effect of timing of heat stress during grain filling in two wheat varieties under moderate and very high temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
W. F. Song ◽  
L. J. Zhao ◽  
X. M. Zhang ◽  
Y. M. Zhang ◽  
J. L. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Very High

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. I. Grain Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common in many of the world's wheat growing areas and can be a significant factor in reducing yield and quality of wheat. This study was designed to determine the stage at which grain growth is most sensitive to a short period of high temperature and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed throughout the whole grain-filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley) were exposed to a short (5 days) period of very high temperature (40�C max. for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, starting from 15 days after anthesis (DAA) and concluding at 50 DAA. Responses of grain dry matter accumulation and water content to high temperature were monitored throughout grain filling, and the results compared with controls maintained at 21/16�C day/night. Varietal differences in heat tolerance were expressed throughout the grain-filling period. Mature individual kernel mass was most sensitive to heat stress applied early in grain filling and became progressively less sensitive throughout grain filling, for both varieties. Reductions in mature kernel mass resulted primarily from reductions in duration rather than rate of grain filling.

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