Applying nitrogen to grain sorghum in central Queensland: residual value and effect of fallowing and tillage practice

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Armstrong ◽  
NV Halpin ◽  
K McCosker ◽  
J Standley ◽  
AT Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Sorghum Grain

In the northern cereal belt of Australia, farmers are reluctant to apply nitrogen (N) fertilizers because of a perception that if N is added to the soil and no crop is subsequently planted due to lack of rain, the N is 'lost'. An experiment was conducted on a cracking clay soil over three seasons to compare the response of grain sorghum to N applied to the current crop v. N applied the previous season which was then either planted or left fallow (to simulate a missed planting opportunity). Recovery of 15~-labelled fertilizer by the crop and that remaining in the soil were simultaneously determined in microplots. The effect of tillage practice [zero (ZT) and conventional (CT)] was also examined. Sorghum grain yield responded to fresh applications of N in 1993 and 1993194 but not 1992, reflecting the importance of timing of rainfall rather than the total amount received within the season. Applications of N to the current crop always improved yield more than equivalent amounts of N applied to the previous crop. Grain yields of plots that were previously fallowed (fallow-sorghum rotation) were higher than the combined yields of sorghum-sorghum rotations, although fallowing was an inefficient means of accumulating both water and mineral N. Recovery of applied 1 5 ~ by sorghum varied from 48% in 1992 to 36% in 1993 but was not related to the overall N responsiveness of the crop. Sorghum recovered a similar proportion of 1 5 ~ from plots which had been fertilized and then fallowed the previous year compared to fresh applications to the current crop, despite the fallow plots having less 1 5 ~ in them due to losses from the previous season. Losses of 1 5 ~ from the soil/plant system varied markedly with year and appeared to be related to the pattern of rainfall occurring and its possible effect on denitrification. Tillage practice did not affect grain yields or PAWC, had minimal effect on the amount of mineral N present, and little influence on the fertilizer N requirements of sorghum per se. This study suggests that there is only a small residual value to subsequent sorghum crops of fertilizer N if added initially to a successful crop. However, if N is applied pre-plant and the crop is not planted, for example due to lack of planting rain, a large proportion of this N can remain available to the following crop depending on the nature of the subsequent rainfall.

Yield, quality and nitrogen fertilizer recovery of standard and semi-dwarf spring wheat as affected by sowing date and fertilizer rate

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alessi ◽  
J. F. Power ◽  
L. D. Sibbitt
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Recovery ◽  
Dwarf Wheat ◽  
Late Sowing

SUMMARYBecause of environmental and economic constraints, we need to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on nutrient availability and fertilizer recovery, especially in regions of limited rainfall. This study was conducted to provide information on effects of N rate on yields and N recovery by standard and semi-dwarf spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) sown at two dates.Ammonium nitrate was applied to spring wheat at rates up to 272 kg N/ha each year for 4 consecutive years. Only grain was removed from the plot at harvest. Wheat types did not differ in grain yields, but these yields were significantly reduced in 2 of 4 years by late sowing. Average grain yields for late sowing were greatest at 34 kg N/ha, but yields for early sowing approached maximum at the 68 kg N for semi-dwarf wheat and 136 kg N/ha for the standard wheat.Semi-dwarf wheat was lower than standard wheat in grain and flour protein concentration and baking absorption. Late sowing (May 30) reduced test weights, flour yield and baking absorption, but increased wheat protein concentration as compared with early sowing (April 30). Leaching of fertilizer N below the 90 cm depth ranged from 152 to 378 kg/ha at the 272 kg N/ha/year rate, and was greater for the late than for the early sowing. Fertilizer N that could be accounted for averaged 87 and 82% for early and late seeding respectively. Water-use efficiency was reduced by late sowing.Soil-water extraction by wheat to the 120 cm depth was greater for high N rates.These 4-year results showed that semi-dwarf and standard wheats had only slight differences in total grain production. Also, for efficient use of applied fertilizer and available soil water, wheat should be sown in the spring as soon as soil and weather conditions permit.

Effect of irrigation method on the recovery of 15N fertilizer in a slowly permeable clay soil cropped with maize

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Mosier ◽  
WS Meyer ◽  
FM Melhuish
Keyword(s):  
Plant Stress ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Irrigated Soils

A study using 15N~labelled fertilizer was initiated in a lysimeter facility to quantify the amount of N assimilated by maize plants and that which remained in the soil at the end of a cropping season. Maize was planted in 0.43 m2 by 1.35 m deep intact Marah clay loam soil cores removed from an improved pasture in mid-October 1983. Two irrigation treatments, flood-impounding water on the soil for up to 72 h, and control-applying enough water to prevent plant stress without ponding, were employed. The crop was harvested in early April 1984 and the amount of fertilizer- and soil-derived N in the plant and remaining in the soil was determined. Grain yields were reduced about 33% by flood irrigation. Although about 30 kg N ha-1 more fertilizer N was lost from the flood-irrigated system, the difference in N recovery between the flood- and control-irrigated soils was not sufficient to account for the reduced grain yield. Flood-irrigated plants were less efficient in transporting fertilizer N to the seed than were control irrigation plants. The data suggest that the reduced seed yield and total N content of maize plants grown under flood irrigation was metabolically controlled rather than being derived from a difference in soil mineral N content compared with control-irrigated soils.

Influence of sowing date on the uptake of and responses to soil and fertilizer nitrogen by the spring wheat cultivar Tonic

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Webb ◽  
R. Sylvester-Bradley ◽  
J. D. Wafford
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYAt 14 sites in the UK, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Tonic, was sown on three or four dates at each site between October and March in the 1988/89, 1989/90 and 1990/91 seasons. Responses to spring-applied fertilizer N over the range 0–320 kg/ha were determined. Earlier sowing did not increase uptake of soil N by the crop. Fertilizer N increased grain N offtake by between 25 and 140 kg/ha and yield by between 0·3 and 5·5 t/ha, although grain yield was less responsive to fertilizer N at later sowing dates. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N (AFR) also decreased as sowing was delayed but there was no effect of delayed sowing on the amount of grain produced from each kg of fertilizer N recovered. Because fertilizer N recovery decreased with later sowing, the amount of fertilizer N needed to produce the optimum economic grain yield was not reduced. Neither AFR nor optimum fertilizer (Nopt) was related to optimum yield. Regression of Nopt on the difference between optimum yield and yield without fertilizer N (△y) explained 77% of the variance in Nopt. There was an inverse relationship between △y and soil mineral N (SMN) in spring; regression of △y, on SMN in spring accounted for 29% of the variance in △y Current advisory systems which adjust economic fertilizer N recommendations according to anticipated yield are not justified by these results. Moreover the adjustments made, based on yield expectation, appear about three times as large as those needed to minimize residues of fertilizer N left unrecovered by the crop and to reduce the risk of nitrate leaching in the following winter.

Mineralizable-N in the soil under various leys and its effect on the yields of following wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. R. Gasser
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Mineralizable N

SUMMARYSoil samples taken in the autumn after ploughing ryegrass, clover, and ryegrass/clover leys were used to measure the mineral-N (ammonium-N + nitrate-N) in the fresh soil (mineral-Nfresh), the increase in mineral-N on incubating the fresh soils (Δmineral-Nfresh), and the increase in mineral-N on incubating the re-wetted air-dry soils (Δmineral -Nair-dry). Mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry were measured on further soil samples taken the following spring. Values of Δmineral-Nair-dry, not only correlated best with grain yields and N uptakes by wheat without fertilizer-N, but also with yield responses and fertilizer-N recovered from fertilizer-N applied to the winter wheat.Treatment of the ley altered measurements on samples taken in the autumn but not those taken the following spring.Soil samples taken in the autumn 1960 from under three-year grass leys were used to measure mineral-Nfresh, Δ mineral-Nfresh and Δ mineral-Nair-dry Spring wheat was grown in 1961 followed by spring barley in 1962. Further soil samples were taken in spring 1962 after cultivations were complete and before the barley was sown or fertilizers applied.A mineral-Nair-dry was the best measurement to use on soils from under grass leys. Values depended on grass species, and were increased by N applied to the ley. Differences had largely disappeared 18 months later. A mineral-Nalr.dry was positively correlated with grain yields of spring wheat grown both with and without fertilizer-N, and with the yield response or the nitrogen recovered from, a dressing of 56 lb N/acre.With fertilizer-N yields of winter wheat after the mixed leys tended to the same maximum value independently ofmineralizable-N in the soil. After grass leys maximum yields of spring wheat given fertilizer-N increased with increasing mineralizable-N in the soil.

Wild Cane and Forage Sorghum Competition in Grain Sorghum

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Vesecky ◽  
K. C. Feltner ◽  
R. L. Vanderlip
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Culm Length ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS 671’) was grown during 1969 and 1970 in competition with two other members of the same species, wild cane and Kansas Orange forage sorghum, transplanted at various densities along grain sorghum rows. All densities of wild cane and Kansas Orange significantly reduced both grain and fodder yields of grain sorghum. Grain yield was highly and positively correlated with leaf area, culm length, culms per plant, panicles per culm, seeds per panicle, and amount of light received at the grain sorghum canopy; and grain yield was negatively correlated with plant factors that benefited wild cane and Kansas Orange. Grain yield did not correlate with either plants per hectare or seed weight. Panicle size was most important in determining grain yield. Kansas Orange reduced grain yields more than did wild cane in 1969. During 1970, with less favorable rainfall, grain sorghum responded similarly to both transplanted weed types.

Acetanilide-Antidote Combinations for Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Winkle ◽  
J. R. C. Leavitt ◽  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Field Plots

R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) and H-31866 [N-allyl-N-(3,3-dichloroallyl)dichloroacetamide] were more effective than CDAA (N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) in preventing yield reductions to corn (Zea maysL. ‘NB-611’) from alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] or metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] in the greenhouse. A CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile] seed treatment (1.25 g/kg) was more effective than a R-25788 tank mix in preventing yield reductions to grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘G-623 GBR’] from alachlor or metolachlor in the greenhouse. Absorption of14C-alachlor by sorghum seedlings grown in petri dishes, and absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-metolachlor by sorghum seedlings grown in soil, were not affected by CGA-43089 seed treatment. Forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Rox Orange’] was used to simulate shatter cane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] in field plots. In the absence of Rox Orange, alachlor and metolachlor reduced sorghum grain yields. This yield reduction was prevented by a CGA-43089 seed treatment, but not by a R-25788 tank mix with herbicides. In plots seeded with 10,000 Rox Orange seed/57 m2, grain yields of sorghum increased as alachlor or metolachlor plus CGA-43089 rates increased. There was no grain yield response to any herbicide treatment in plots seeded with 50,000 Rox Orange seed/57 m2.

Tall Waterhemp Competition in Grain Sorghum

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Feltner ◽  
H. R. Hurst ◽  
L. E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) was grown in combination with varying densities and durations of tall waterhemp (Acnida altissima Riddell) during 1964 and 1965 at Manhattan, Kansas. As waterhemp density and duration increased, sorghum fodder and grain yields were reduced. Yields of both species and competitive influence of waterhemp were highest during the year of high rainfall and supplemental N fertility. The net competitive influence of waterhemp on sorghum grain was accounted for principally by reduced seed size. Competition for soil moisture in 1965 was greatest when weeds remained full-season, and was most pronounced early in the season at soil depths below 20 inches.

scholarly journals Fate of a 15N-labeled Urea Pulse in Heavily Fertilized Banana Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Line Raphael ◽  
Sylvie Recous ◽  
Harry Ozier-Lafontaine ◽  
Jorge Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Available N ◽  
Banana Crops

Banana crops in the Caribbean are characterized by the use of high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization which causes severe environmental damages. The aim of this study was to assess the fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of banana crops in the field. To do so, a field trial was carried out during the first (GS1) and the fourth (GS4) growing seasons of banana crops, and the fate of a 15N-labeled pulse applied late in the growing season (flowering stage) was determined. At harvest, NUE (average 24% 15N applied) and the total recovery of fertilizer 15N in the soil–plant system (i.e., 40% in GS1 and 62% in GS4) were low. Low NUE resulted mainly from the dilution in a large soil mineral N pool derived from earlier applications of the labeled-N fertilizer applied at flowering, combined with leaching caused by numerous high-intensity rainfall events (>20 mm d−1). Crop residues from previous cycles present at time of fertilizer application in the fourth growing season, promoted fertilizer N immobilization, which in turn favored fertilizer N recovery by decreasing N leaching. The results suggest that N fertilization after the first season could be reduced by 30% (i.e., −90 kg N ha−1) corresponding to the suppression of two applications from flowering to harvest with the current fertilizer management, as available N derived from earlier applications is sufficient to meet plant requirements.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Reinhard Puntigam ◽  
Julia Slama ◽  
Daniel Brugger ◽  
Karin Leitner ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

scholarly journals Effects of Field Processing of Sorghum Grain on Popping Traits

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Mitchell Kent ◽  
William Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Impact Force ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Rubber Belt ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Harvest Moisture ◽  
Quality Measurements

Interest in the use of popped sorghum in food products has resulted in a niche market for sorghum hybrids with high popping quality but little work has been done to assess the relative effects of field processing methods of grain on popping quality. This study evaluated the relative effects of harvest moisture and threshing methods on the popping quality of sorghum grain. A grain sorghum hybrid with good popping quality was produced during two different years in Texas wherein it was harvested at two moisture levels (low and high) and grain was removed from panicles using five different threshing methods (hand, rubber belt, metal brushes and two metal concave bar systems). Years, harvest moisture content and threshing method influenced all three popping quality measurements (popping efficacy, expansion ratio and flake size), but threshing method had an order of magnitude larger effect than either moisture level or year. While many of the interactions were significant, they did not influence the general trends observed. As such, the threshing methods with less direct impact force on the grain (hand and rubber belt) had higher popping quality than those samples threshed with greater impact force on the grain (metal-based systems). The popping quality differences between threshing system are likely due to a reduction in kernel integrity caused by the impacts to the kernel that occurred while threshing the grain. The results herein indicate that field processing of the grain, notably threshing method has significant impacts on the popping quality and should be taken into consideration when grain sorghum is harvested for popping purposes.

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