Floral Initiation and Development in Relation to the Time of Flowering in Banksia coccinea R.Br and B. menziesii R.Br (Proteaceae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Fuss ◽  
M Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Floral Bracts ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Characteristic Colour ◽  
Scanning Electron

Floral initiation and development in Banksia coccinea and B. menziesii were investigated using scanning electron microscopy in relation to the time of flowering. Floral initiation in both species occurred in late spring. The sequence of floral development was similar for both species but the timing was different. Ten stages of floral development were identified. Stage 1 was a vegetative meristem. Stage 2 signified the transition to the reproductive state, and was characterised by a broadening of the meristem with the production of involucral bracts. There were increases in both height and diameter of the meristem as common bracts (stage 3), floral bracts (stage 4) and florets (stage 5) were initiated. At stage 6 the developing inflorescences were macroscopically visible. This was followed by appearance (stage 7) and subsequent extension of the florets (stage 8). The styles continued to extend once floret extension had ceased causing the perianth to split and the styles to protrude (stage 9), thus imparting to the inflorescences their characteristic colour. Anther dehiscence occurred prior to anthesis of the floret, and the pollen was deposited on the pollen presenter, a distal modified region of the style. At anthesis (stage 10) styles were released from the perianth limb, presenting pollen to foraging insects and birds. Phyllotaxy was spiral throughout development, with a transition from a single genetic spiral in the vegetative shoot to 13 spirals initiating simultaneously in the developing inflorescence. Floral development was slow, taking from 6 to 8 months in B. menziesii prior to peak anthesis between April and July. In B. coccinea macroscopic inflorescences were not observed until May, with peak anthesis occurring between August and November, 9-12 months after initiation. Inflorescence colour showed wide variation in both species, with red and pink being the dominant colours in B. coccinea and B. menziesii respectively.

Investigation of flowering in Banksia baxteri R. Br. and B. hookeriana Meissner for improving pruning practices

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Rohl ◽  
AM Fuss ◽  
JA Dhaliwal ◽  
MG Webb ◽  
BB Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Floral initiation and development in relation to time of flowering were investigated in Banksia baxteri and B. hookeriana with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. Floral initiation occurred in spring in B. baxteri and in early summer in B. hookeriana. Floral development was rapid in B. baxteri (3 months to reach anthesis in summer). In B. hookeriana, development took 5 months, with anthesis occurring in winter. Most B. hookeriana blooms were produced on 2-year-old shoots, while B. baxteri produced about half of its blooms on 2-year-old shoots and almost as many on 3-year-old shoots. In both species, shoots that flowered within 2 years were longer and thicker in their first year than other shoots. A critical minimum stem length was determined for the first year's growth, to be used as a criterion for determining which shoots to remove during pruning. Details are provided for the timing of pruning to achieve maximum bloom production in B. baxteri and B. hookeriana.

Development of stigmatoid anthers in a tobacco mutant: implications for regulation of stigma differentiation

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2339-2346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Trull ◽  
Brian L. Holaway ◽  
Russell L. Malmberg
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Transmitting Tissue ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Vegetative Shoot Apex ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Scanning Electron

We characterized the development of a tobacco floral mutant, Mgr27, previously obtained by selecting for resistance to an inhibitor of an enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Mgr27 plants are shorter than the wild type with smaller leaves and a compact inflorescence. The plants have a regular leaf plastochron and a vegetative shoot apex similar to the wild-type vegetative shoot apex. There are frequently more than five floral organs in the first three whorls, and the anthers produce stigmatoids. At the scanning electron microscope level, the stigmatoids appear concurrently on all of the anthers and at approximately the same time that the stigma appears on the pistil. The stigmatoids contain tissue histologically and biochemically similar to transmitting tissue and they permit the germination and growth of pollen tubes. The mutant line has significantly lower levels of free and conjugated spermidine as well as significantly lower levels of conjugated putrescine. Key words: floral development, mutant, Nicotiana tabacum (tobaccco), polyamines, stigmatoid anthers.

The effects of gibberellin A3, photoperiod, and age on vegetative growth and flowering in Cosmos bipinnatus var. Sensation

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marje Molder ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Cosmos Bipinnatus ◽  
Normal Percentage ◽  
Short Days

Plants of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 'Sensation' (a quantitative short-day plant) were grown continuously under conditions favorable or unfavorable for flowering, and some plants in each group were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3). Morphological and anatomical observations revealed that GA3 promoted floral initiation under non-inductive long days but not as efficiently as inductive short days, as judged by the rate of apical transition to the reproductive state. GA3 did not influence the total number of plants that flowered but did increase height growth. Plants treated with GA3 had a normal percentage of initiation, but a much lower developmental rate. Macroscopic recognition of flowering was not possible until the inflorescence stage of the apex.Floral apices of Cosmos are formed by the transition of previously vegetative apices, the apex passing into an intermediate stage typical of most plants held under non-inductive conditions. Transitional, prefloral, and inflorescence stages follow. The formation of an intermediate stage may account for many of the conflicting results observed in physiological studies since there is a great variation in response rate depending on age of plant and stage of the apex at the start of the experiment. Anatomical observations support the findings that although GA3 promotes floral initiation in Cosmos when applied under non-inductive conditions, floral development may not continue, thus resulting in an apparent lack of response. This may also be true of many other plants considered "non-responsive" to GA3 under non-inductive conditions.

Floral Initiation and Development in Helipterum roseum (Hook.) Benth. And Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andrews (Asteraceae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
KV Sharman ◽  
M Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Involucral Bract ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

Floral initiation and development in Helichrysum bracteatum and Helipterum roseum were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The sequence of events in these two species was similar and occurred rapidly. Seven stages in apical development were identified, which were distinctive in both appearance and size. Stage 1 was a small vegetative meristem with 2-4 leaf primordia. Stage 2 (also vegetative) was characterized by a doubling in both height and diameter. A doming of the apical meristem signified the commencement of stage 3, and at the appearance of the first involucral bracts (stage 4) the apex had further tripled in height and doubled in diameter. This was followed by the appearance of floret primordia (stage 5). By the time the inflorescence buds were visible to the naked eye (stage 6) several rows of florets were present, and at anthesis (stage 7) the capitulum was covered with florets. During the transition from stage 4 to stage 5 a few developing primordia appeared to divide. The lower portion developed into a small involucral bract and the upper portion into a floret. The florets developed centripetally such that a range of developmental stages was present on the capitulum. The development of the individual florets involved the differentiation of perianth, anther, pistil and pappus hairs. Stage 4 was considered the point at which the apex was committed to flower.

scholarly journals Scanning Electron Microscopy of Floral Development in Freesias

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwika Kawa ◽  
August A. De Hertogh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Freesia Hybrida ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristems ◽  
Scanning Electron

Shoot apical meristems of Freesia ×hybrida Klatt `Rossini' reached the reproductive state after 3 weeks of precooling at 9C. Meristems isolated after 6 and 7 weeks of precooling showed the development of the initial four florets of the inflorescence.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

Novel staging classification of primary mitral regurgitation based on the presence of cardiac damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L Van Wijngaarden ◽  
Y.L Hiemstra ◽  
P Van Der Bijl ◽  
V Delgado ◽  
N Ajmone Marsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Primary Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Staging Classification

Abstract Background The indication for surgery in patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) is currently based on the presence of symptoms, left ventricular (LV) dilatation and dysfunction, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of a new staging classification based on cardiac damage including the known risk factors but also including global longitudinal strain (GLS), severe left atrial (LA) dilatation and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Methods In total 614 patients who underwent surgery for severe primary MR with available baseline transthoracic echocardiograms were included. Patients were classified according to the extent of cardiac damage (Figure): Stage 0-no cardiac damage, Stage 1-LV damage, Stage 2-LA damage, Stage 3-pulmonary vasculature or tricuspid valve damage and Stage 4-RV damage. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality. Results Based on the proposed classification, 172 (28%) patients were classified as Stage 0, 102 (17%) as Stage 1, 134 (21%) as Stage 2, 135 (22%) as Stage 3 and 71 (11%) as Stage 4. The more advanced the stage, the older the patients were with worse kidney function, more symptoms and higher EuroScore. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that patients with more advanced stages of cardiac damage had a significantly worse survival (log-rank chi-square 35.2; p<0.001) (Figure). On multivariable analysis, age, male, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney function, and stage of cardiac damage were independently associated with all-cause mortality. For each stage increase, a 22% higher risk for all-cause mortality was observed (95% CI: 1.064–1.395; p=0.004). Conclusion In patients with severe primary MR, a novel staging classification based on the extent of cardiac damage, may help refining risk stratification, particularly including also GLS, LA dilatation and RV dysfunction in the assessment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

A Description of Middle School Male Singers’ Voice Change and Voice Part Assignment

2021 ◽  
pp. 875512332110182
Author(s):  
Ryan Austin Fisher ◽  
Nancy L. Summitt ◽  
Ellen B. Koziel
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Voice Change ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Public Middle School ◽  
Middle School Choir ◽  
Choral Programs ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Voice

The purpose of this study was to describe the voice change and voice part assignment of male middle school choir members. Volunteers ( N = 92) were recruited from three public middle school choral programs (Grades 6-8). Participants were audio-recorded performing simple vocal tasks in order to assess vocal range and asked to share the music they were currently singing in class. Results revealed 23.91% of participants’ voices could be categorized as unchanged, 14.13% as Stage 1, 3.26% as Stage 2, 10.87% as Stage 3, 26.09% as Stage 4, and 21.74% as Stage 5. The majority of sixth-grade participants were classified as unchanged or in Stage 1 of the voice change and the majority of eighth-grade participants were classified in Stages 4 to 5 of the voice change. Of the participants labeled “tenors” in their choir, over 60% were classified as either unchanged voices or in Stage 1 of the voice change.

scholarly journals Temporal changes of quantitative CT findings from 102 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297-309
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Chen ◽  
Wenbo Sun ◽  
Dan Xu ◽  
Jiaojiao Ma ◽  
Feng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Quantitative Ct ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Ct Findings ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) imaging combined with artificial intelligence is important in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate temporal changes of quantitative CT findings in patients with COVID-19 in three clinic types, including moderate, severe, and non-survivors, and to predict severe cases in the early stage from the results. METHODS: One hundred and two patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study. Based on the time interval between onset of symptoms and the CT scan, four stages were defined in this study: Stage-1 (0 ∼7 days); Stage-2 (8 ∼ 14 days); Stage-3 (15 ∼ 21days); Stage-4 (> 21 days). Eight parameters, the infection volume and percentage of the whole lung in four different Hounsfield (HU) ranges, ((-, -750), [-750, -300), [-300, 50) and [50, +)), were calculated and compared between different groups. RESULTS: The infection volume and percentage of four HU ranges peaked in Stage-2. The highest proportion of HU [-750, 50) was found in the infected regions in non-survivors among three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate rapid deterioration in the first week since the onset of symptoms in non-survivors. Higher proportion of HU [-750, 50) in the lesion area might be a potential bio-marker for poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals P0828CKD STAGE DISTRIBUTION IN AN ITALIAN PROVINCE; SEVEN YEARS OF FOLLOW UP

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Roggeri ◽  
Daniela Paola Roggeri ◽  
Carlotta Rossi ◽  
Marco Gambera ◽  
Rossana Piccinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
Ca Channel ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic illness with important implications for the health of the population and for the commitment of resources by public health services. CKD staging makes it possible to assess the severity of the disease and its distribution in the population. The distribution of the stages of CKD diagnosed through hospitalization were analyzed using administrative database of the Local Health Authority of a province with a population of about 1 million inhabitants in northern Italy. Method Patients with hospital discharge with a diagnosis of CKD (ICD9CM 5851, 5852, 5853, 5854) in 2011- 2012 years, without dialysis treatment, neither transplantation procedure nor acute renal failure were selected. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, dialysis treatment, drugs prescription and nephrological follow-up were investigated. This cohort of patients was examined over a 7-year period (2011-2017). Stage five was not considered to avoid possible misunderstanding with five D stage. Results 1808 patients diagnosed with CKD were extracted from the 2011-2017 administrative database; of these, 1267 had a diagnosis with the CKD stage specification. The distribution of 1267 patients in the CKD stages at the first hospital discharge was as follows: 7.4% stage 1, 30.9% stage 2, 42.3% stage 3, 19.3% stage 4. The 832 patients described in the study were still alive as of Jan. 1, 2013 while 435 (34.3%) died by Dec. 31, 2012. Until Dec. 31, 2017, 503 of the 832 patients died representing the 52.8% of stage 1 patients, 62% of stage 2 patients, 58.2% of stage 3 patients, 66.4% of stage 4 patients. Males were the most prevalent gender (58.5%), without any significant difference into CKD stages. Our patients have a fairly high age as can be seen from the table 1. The presence of co-morbidities was assessed either directly for the main risk factors or by the modified Charlson index (MCI) for CKD patients. The average value of the MCI is 3.8 ± 3.1 for all patients and 3.4 ±3.0 for stage 1, 4.1 ± 3.3 for stage 2, 3.7 ± 3.1 for stage 3, 3.7 ± 2.9 for stage 4, with maximum values of 12.0, 17.0, 16.0 and 14.0 respectively. About 40% of patients had diabetes mellitus, with the highest prevalence in stage 4 (49.3%) and the lowest in stage 1 (25%). Cardiovascular disease was distributed almost equally among all patients with a value between 82% in stage 1 and 86.3% in stage 4. Cancer were present in 26.3% of patients with similar values in all stages. Just about 9% of patients underwent dialysis treatment for achieving ESRD, with a percentage of 5.6% among patients in stage 1 and 17.1% among those in stage 4. Hemodialysis represented first choice treatment (86%) compared with peritoneal one (14%). Time from the diagnosis of CKD to the first dialysis was variable with an average of 3.4 ±1.7 years; the longest interval for patients in stage 1 (5.1±1.8) and the shortest (3.0 ±1.6) for patients in stage 4. The number of nephrological visits at renal units was analyzed for an assessment of the extent of follow-up and prevention upon reaching the ESRD (table2). More than 90% of patients had prescribed drugs antagonists of the renin angiotensin system, in all stages of CKD; other antihypertensive drugs (Ca channel blockers and peripheral vasodilators) had a similar prescription level. Anemia control drugs (ESA and iron) had an incremental prescription with stages of the disease from 51.4% in stage 1 to 74% in stage 4, similarly to Ca-P metabolism control drugs ranging from 44.4% in stage 1 to 67.8% in stage 4. Conclusion Correct staging of CKD is very important to assess the prognosis of patients, but the major determinants of outcome are comorbidities and age of the patients. The cohort examined has a high mortality rate, far higher than reported in the literature for CKD. It should be noted that the sample was identified by hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases more than 50% complicated by diabetes and hypertension, so death represents the main outcome and not ESRD.

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