Stem lodging parameters of the basal three internodes associated with plant population densities and developmental stages in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) cultivars differing in resistance to lodging

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) is a soft-stemmed summer cereal crop that is grown at a high crop density; however, stem lodging is recognised as a serious yield-limiting factor. The stem-breaking strength of the third to fifth basal internodes has previously been identified as the most important factor in determining the lodging resistance of foxtail millet. We measured variation in stem-breaking strength, length and weight of these internodes at different developmental stages and in response to different crop densities by using foxtail millet cultivars that differed in lodging resistance. The stem-breaking strength of the third internode was greater than of the fourth and fifth internodes, which had comparable stem-breaking strengths; this result was independent of genotype and developmental stage. The stem-breaking strengths of the three internodes were significantly correlated with each other and linearly related across different developmental stages and crop densities. The stem-breaking strength of the three internodes at hard dough stage (Zadoks growth stage Z87, at 30 days after flowering) was less than at other developmental stages in the lodging-resistant genotypes. Stem-breaking strength for the three internodes was correlated with fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) per cm. The variation of FW and DW per cm of the internodes in response to crop density was attributed to the change of FW and DW of the corresponding internodes, rather than to variation in their length. Results from this study showed that the fourth or fifth basal internode was more prone to lodging than the third basal internode because of their lesser stem-breaking strength. Crop density linearly influenced the stem-breaking strength of the three basal internodes. Reducing crop density enhanced stem-breaking strength of third to fifth internodes, which may reduce the risk of stem lodging in this crop. Based on the findings, the stem-breaking strength of the fourth or fifth basal internode measured at the late grain-filling stage from Z77 (late milk) to Z87 (hard dough) differentiated stem-breaking strength, the most important stem lodging associated parameter, in the foxtail millet genotypes.

Download Full-text

Characterization of culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of foxtail millet cultivars differing in lodging resistance

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859614001105 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 153 (8) ◽

pp. 1437-1448 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

B. H. TIAN ◽

L. Y. LIU ◽

L. X. ZHANG ◽

S. X. SONG ◽

J. G. WANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Foxtail Millet ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Path Analyses ◽

Culm Wall

SUMMARYLodging can be an important factor in limiting yield and quality of summer foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Although lodging resistance varies among different genotypes, direct selection for lodging resistance is difficult because of its sporadic occurrence in the field and inconsistency between years. A 2-year-field study was conducted with 35 summer foxtail millet cultivars or advanced breeding lines to determine the association between lodging resistance and culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition. Path analyses indicated that stem-breaking strength had the most important effect on the lodging coefficient. The breaking strength of stem was associated with specific morphological properties of the culm, such as greater culm diameter and most importantly culm wall thickness. Width of sclerenchyma tissue, and the number and sheath width of the large vascular bundles were the major anatomical properties that influenced stem-breaking strength. The cellulose and lignin compositions of the culm had different effects on stem-breaking strength. Cultivars with smaller lodging coefficients contained higher levels of cellulose, but lower levels of lignin than the cultivars that were more prone to lodging. The findings from the present study provide useful information on lodging-associated traits in the culm that can be used as indicators for the improvement of lodging resistance in foxtail millet.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Growth and Survival of Artemia franciscana fed with Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella capsulata

International Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.3126/ijls.v10i1.14507 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 35-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alireza Salarzadeh ◽

Elham Nahidi

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽

Artemia Franciscana ◽

Food Ingestion ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

The Third ◽

The Mean ◽

Food Value

Artemia franciscana was fed for seven days with 11.7, 23.4 and 46.8 mg l-1. d-1 (ash-free dry weight) of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella capsulata, to evaluate the food value of these two microalgae. Survival was similar, close to or greater than 90% in all cases, but there were significant differences in growth beginning on the third day. The final ash-free dry weight of A. franciscana fed with N. oculata was seven times greater than with C. capsulata and the respective developmental stages were between instar 14 and 16 and from 8 to 9. Food ingestion was similar with the two diets, but the mean gross growth efficiencies were 80% with N. oculata and 7% with C. capsulata, indicating a poor assimilation of C. capsulata. Therefore, C. capsulata cannot be considered as a suitable diet for A. franciscana, because the amount of energy obtained is not sufficient to sustain normal growth.International Journal of Life Sciences 10 (1) : 2016; 35-39

Download Full-text

Effects of uniconazole or ethephon foliar application on culm mechanical strength and lignin metabolism, and their relationship with lodging resistance in winter wheat

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp19149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irshad Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Kamran ◽

Ziyan Guo ◽

Xiangping Meng ◽

Shahzad Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Basal Internode ◽

Lignin Metabolism

Lodging in plants is an important constraint that leads to yield losses and cause problems with mechanical harvesting. This research was aimed at determining the effects of foliar application of uniconazole or ethephon on lignin metabolism, characteristics of second basal internode and their relationship with lodging resistance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In separate experiments, uniconazole was sprayed on the foliage at concentrations of 0, 15, 30 and 45 mg L–1, and ethephon at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 mg L–1 at the four-leaf stage. Foliar application of uniconazole or ethephon significantly reduced the lodging rate by increasing the lignin content and optimising basal-internode characteristics. Lignin content was significantly positively correlated with breaking strength, and negatively correlated with lodging rate, whereby the higher lignin content in the second basal internode significantly improved the lodging resistance and reduced the lodging rate in the wheat crop. Foliar application of uniconazole or ethephon also increased the breaking strength, internode diameter, wall thickness and internode plumpness of the second basal internode; maximum values were obtained with uniconazole at 30 mg L–1 and with ethephon at 75 mg L–1. Grain yield, lignin content and lignin-related enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and peroxidase were all significantly improved with the foliar application of uniconazole or ethephon. These results suggest that lignin content in the second basal internode in wheat was closely related with lodging resistance. Foliar application of uniconazole or ethephon at the four-leaf stage reduced the lodging rate, and the concentration showing the greatest effects was 30 mg L–1 for uniconazole or 75 mg L–1 for ethephon.

Download Full-text

Developmental stages and floral ontogenesis of foxtail millet Setaria italica (L) P Beauv

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:19920202 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 141-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MO Blaise ◽

P. Girardin ◽

B. Millet

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Foxtail Millet ◽

Setaria Italica

Download Full-text

Response of Lignin Metabolism to Light Quality in Wheat Population

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.729647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chunhui Li ◽

Yongli Luo ◽

Min Jin ◽

Shufang Sun ◽

Zhenlin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Quality ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Unit Length ◽

Red Light ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Wheat Population ◽

Stem Quality ◽

Normal Light

The low red/far-red (R/FR) light proportion at the base of the high-density wheat population leads to poor stem quality and increases lodging risk. We used Shannong 23 and Shannong 16 as the test materials. By setting three-light quality treatments: normal light (CK), red light (RL), and far-red light (FRL), we irradiated the base internodes of the stem with RL and FRL for 7h. Our results showed that RL irradiation enhanced stem quality, as revealed by increased breaking strength, stem diameter, wall thickness and, dry weight per unit length, and the total amount of lignin and related gene expression increased, at the same time. The composition of lignin subunits was related to the lodging resistance of wheat. The proportion of S+G subunits and H subunits played a key role in wheat lodging resistance. RL could increase the content of S subunits and G subunits and the proportion of S+G subunits, reduce the proportion of H subunits. We described here, to the best of our knowledge, the systematic study of the mechanism involved in the regulation of stem breaking strength by light quality, particularly the effect of light quality on lignin biosynthesis and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat.

Download Full-text

In vitro Evaluation of Bacterial Endophytes for Biocontrol of Pythium aphanidermatum and Plant Growth Promotion in Setaria italica L. Grown in Seedling Trays

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2019/v38i630392 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Raveendra Reddy ◽

M. K. Shivaprakash ◽

S. Adithya

Keyword(s):

Growth Promotion ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Foxtail Millet ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Setaria Italica ◽

Bacterial Endophytes ◽

Causal Organism

An investigation study was carried to test the ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from small millets as a biocontrol agent against the fungal pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum, the causal organism of sheath blight in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) grown in seedling trays under greenhouse conditions. In total twelve bacterial endophytes were isolated out of which six isolates produced β -1, 3 glucanases, 11 isolates produced chitinases and 12 isolates produced siderophores under in-vitro conditions. All these bacterial endophytic isolates inhibited mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum in plate assay and liquid culture and the highest percent inhibition of mycelium was recorded in KMS5 (44.44%) followed by KMS1 (38.89%). In seedling trays, BMR7 and KMS5 (81.66%) had recorded the highest percent germination followed by KMS1 (79.62%) and KMS1 and KMS5 took 10.85 and 10.55 days respectively for 50% seed germination compared to control (13.50 days) which was treated with pathogen alone. Lowest pre-emergence disease incidence was noticed in KMS5 (14.03%) followed by KMS1 (16.18%) whereas T1 (Control) recorded maximum pre-emergence disease incidence (39.82%) was observed. Least post-emergence disease incidence (11.36) and biocontrol efficacy (68.74%) was recorded with KMS5. Apart from showing antagonistic activity, KMS5 had recorded a significantly higher seedling vigor index (2712.97), root length (18.12 cm), shoot length (15.10 cm), root dry weight (0.158 g) and shoot dry weight (0.76 g) compared to other bacterial endophytic isolates.

Download Full-text

The study of important agronomic traits by multivariate analysis in winter rapeseed cultivars

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v1i1.4240 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

Gader Ghaffari ◽

Farhad Baghbani ◽

Behnam Tahmasebpour

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Leaf Water Potential ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Variance ◽

Water Deficit Stress ◽

The Third ◽

High Eigenvalue ◽

Winter Rapeseed

In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz - IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.

Download Full-text

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/5/59-62 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

N. I. Kasatkina ◽

Zh. S. Nelyubina

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Single Species ◽

Lotus Corniculatus ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

High Yield ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

Download Full-text