Characterization of culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of foxtail millet cultivars differing in lodging resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. TIAN ◽  
L. Y. LIU ◽  
L. X. ZHANG ◽  
S. X. SONG ◽  
J. G. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Culm Wall

SUMMARYLodging can be an important factor in limiting yield and quality of summer foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Although lodging resistance varies among different genotypes, direct selection for lodging resistance is difficult because of its sporadic occurrence in the field and inconsistency between years. A 2-year-field study was conducted with 35 summer foxtail millet cultivars or advanced breeding lines to determine the association between lodging resistance and culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition. Path analyses indicated that stem-breaking strength had the most important effect on the lodging coefficient. The breaking strength of stem was associated with specific morphological properties of the culm, such as greater culm diameter and most importantly culm wall thickness. Width of sclerenchyma tissue, and the number and sheath width of the large vascular bundles were the major anatomical properties that influenced stem-breaking strength. The cellulose and lignin compositions of the culm had different effects on stem-breaking strength. Cultivars with smaller lodging coefficients contained higher levels of cellulose, but lower levels of lignin than the cultivars that were more prone to lodging. The findings from the present study provide useful information on lodging-associated traits in the culm that can be used as indicators for the improvement of lodging resistance in foxtail millet.

Stem lodging parameters of the basal three internodes associated with plant population densities and developmental stages in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) cultivars differing in resistance to lodging

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohong Tian ◽  
Yanli Liu ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Li
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Basal Internode

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) is a soft-stemmed summer cereal crop that is grown at a high crop density; however, stem lodging is recognised as a serious yield-limiting factor. The stem-breaking strength of the third to fifth basal internodes has previously been identified as the most important factor in determining the lodging resistance of foxtail millet. We measured variation in stem-breaking strength, length and weight of these internodes at different developmental stages and in response to different crop densities by using foxtail millet cultivars that differed in lodging resistance. The stem-breaking strength of the third internode was greater than of the fourth and fifth internodes, which had comparable stem-breaking strengths; this result was independent of genotype and developmental stage. The stem-breaking strengths of the three internodes were significantly correlated with each other and linearly related across different developmental stages and crop densities. The stem-breaking strength of the three internodes at hard dough stage (Zadoks growth stage Z87, at 30 days after flowering) was less than at other developmental stages in the lodging-resistant genotypes. Stem-breaking strength for the three internodes was correlated with fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) per cm. The variation of FW and DW per cm of the internodes in response to crop density was attributed to the change of FW and DW of the corresponding internodes, rather than to variation in their length. Results from this study showed that the fourth or fifth basal internode was more prone to lodging than the third basal internode because of their lesser stem-breaking strength. Crop density linearly influenced the stem-breaking strength of the three basal internodes. Reducing crop density enhanced stem-breaking strength of third to fifth internodes, which may reduce the risk of stem lodging in this crop. Based on the findings, the stem-breaking strength of the fourth or fifth basal internode measured at the late grain-filling stage from Z77 (late milk) to Z87 (hard dough) differentiated stem-breaking strength, the most important stem lodging associated parameter, in the foxtail millet genotypes.

Variation in culm anatomy among barley cultivars differing in lodging resistance

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1838-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Dunn ◽  
K. G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Culm Length ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Culm Wall ◽  
Field Plots

Five registered Canadian six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, including two recently registered semidwarfs ('Duke' and 'Samson'), that differ in lodging resistance and height were studied over 2 years for differences in morphological and anatomical characteristics of culms that could be related to lodging resistance. Plants were grown in nonirrigated field plots at a population density of 220 plants/m2 under conditions of high soil fertility. Significant cultivar differences were observed for culm length, number of internodes, length of four basal internodes, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, number of vascular bundles, and thickness of the sclerenchyma ring. No cultivar differences were found for thickness of the sclerenchyma cell walls. Of the characters studied, culm length, basal internode length, culm wall thickness, and sclerenchyma ring thickness were most closely associated with differences in lodging resistance among the cultivars. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to select lodging resistant genotypes from early generations in breeding programs on the basis of these traits.

scholarly journals GENE ACTIONS OF TRAITS CONTRIBUTING TO LODGING RESISTANCE IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L)

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. I. Sarker ◽  
A. K. M. Shamsuddin ◽  
R. Ara
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Additive Genes

Estimates of gene action for lodging related traits at Wheat Research Center during 1999-2002 in three crosses of wheat showed different genetic control of the traits among the crosses. For almost all traits, additive or dominance effects or both components were significant in either three- or six-parameter model, indicating that both additive and dominance gene effects were operative for different traits contributing to lodging resistance. Although duplicate type of epistasis was also observed for second internode breaking strength, plant height and spikes per plant and grain yield per plant once in different crosses, additive x additive epistasis along with additive gene action for the aforesaid traits would improve selection of the same in the segregating populations. The additive x dominance gene interaction for second internode length, diameter and wall thickness would be useful too for improvement of second internode breaking strength and consequently lodging resistance, as their inheritance and selection in segregating populations would be relatively easier than the traits controlled by completely non-additive genes. For duplicate type of epistasis biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by conventional selection is suggested.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i2.17031

Relationship of stalk morphology and chemical composition to lodging resistance in maize (Zea mays L.) in a rainforest zone

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Esechie
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Basal Section ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rainforest Zone

SummaryField and laboratory studies were carried out in 1981 and 1982 to investigate the relationship of stalk morphology and chemical composition to lodging resistance in maize in the rainforest zone of Nigeria.Morphological characters correlated with lodging were plant height, diameter and length of basal internode, thickness of rind and weight of 5 cm basal section. Lodging was negatively correlated with grain yield, and with the percentages of total nonstructural carbohydrate, protein and potassium in the stalks. Premature stalk senescence and rot were common in varieties susceptible to lodging. Lodging had no relationship with leaf area and number of days from sowing to flowering.

scholarly journals Structural and mechanical design of tissue interfaces in the giant reed Arundo donax

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (44) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Rüggeberg ◽  
Ingo Burgert ◽  
Thomas Speck
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Arundo Donax ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Culm Wall

The culms of the giant reed Arundo donax represent slender tube-like structures. Several nodes along the culm, a ring of sclerenchymatous fibres in the periphery of the culm wall and numerous isolated vascular bundles enclosed by fibre rings in the culm wall function as stiffening elements. The bundles are embedded in lignified parenchyma. Micromechanical analysis indicated differences in stiffness between the individual tissues of more than one order of magnitude. In case of abrupt transitions in stiffness at the interfaces, stress discontinuities arise under dynamic loads. This eventually leads to critical shear stresses at cell ends, and culm failure may be initiated at these points. Pronounced mechanical differences between individual tissues can be compromised by gradual transitions at their interfaces. Ultrastructural and spectroscopic investigations with high spatial resolution revealed a gradual transition of cell parameters (cell wall area fraction and cell length). However, cell wall parameters (cellulose microfibril angle and lignin content) showed abrupt transitions or remained almost constant across the interfaces between various tissues. The design principles found at the interfaces between tissues in the culm walls of A. donax are discussed as an adaptation strategy to mechanical loads at different levels of hierarchy.

scholarly journals Morphology, anatomy and ecology of critically endangered endemic Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae) in North-West Turkey

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nezahat Kandemir
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Population Status ◽  
North West ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
The North ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Bulbous Plant

Morphology, anatomy and ecology of endemic species Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae), have been investigated during flowering period in early spring. The bulbous plant grows in moist heath, meadowland and rocky areas in the North-West of Turkey. Morphological properties of plant parts have been described in detail. Transverse sections of roots, stems and leaves have been illustrated and the anatomical characters of arms, keel, papillae, mesophyll and vascular bundles of leaf have been described. Population status of the plant has also been determined.   Key words: Crocus pestalozzae Boiss.; Endemic; Morphology; Anatomy; Ecology; Turkey   DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5136 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 127-132, 2009 (December)  

scholarly journals High throughput phenotyping of cross-sectional morphology to assess stalk lodging resistance

Plant Methods ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf A. Oduntan ◽  
Christopher J. Stubbs ◽  
Daniel J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conium Maculatum ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Stalk Lodging

Abstract Background Stalk lodging (mechanical failure of plant stems during windstorms) leads to global yield losses in cereal crops estimated to range from 5% to 25% annually. The cross-sectional morphology of plant stalks is a key determinant of stalk lodging resistance. However, previously developed techniques for quantifying cross-sectional morphology of plant stalks are relatively low-throughput, expensive and often require specialized equipment and expertise. There is need for a simple and cost-effective technique to quantify plant traits related to stalk lodging resistance in a high-throughput manner. Results A new phenotyping methodology was developed and applied to a range of plant samples including, maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), wheat (Triticum aestivum), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), and Arabidopsis (Arabis thaliana). The major diameter, minor diameter, rind thickness and number of vascular bundles were quantified for each of these plant types. Linear correlation analyses demonstrated strong agreement between the newly developed method and more time-consuming manual techniques (R2 > 0.9). In addition, the new method was used to generate several specimen-specific finite element models of plant stalks. All the models compiled without issue and were successfully imported into finite element software for analysis. All the models demonstrated reasonable and stable solutions when subjected to realistic applied loads. Conclusions A rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly phenotyping methodology was developed to quantify two-dimensional plant cross-sections. The methodology offers reduced sample preparation time and cost as compared to previously developed techniques. The new methodology employs a stereoscope and a semi-automated image processing algorithm. The algorithm can be used to produce specimen-specific, dimensionally accurate computational models (including finite element models) of plant stalks.

Evaluation of Flame Retardants on Wood-Flour/PE Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Er Ying Dong ◽  
Yuan Lin Ren ◽  
Yin Shan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Fire Retardance ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Limited Oxygen

The flame retardancy, thermal degradation, morphological properties, chemical composition of wood flour-plastic composites have been investigated. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL) and dipentaerythritol (DPER) were used as intumescent flame retardants. The Limited oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed for the study of fire retardance. According to the results obtained from the experiments, the LOI and the char residue of the fire retarded composites increased from 18.1% and 10.1% to 33.9% and 24.2%, respectively. And the thermal stability also became better. From the SEM pictures we visually observed that there are lots bubbles on the surface of the retarded composites not neat composite. FTIR also reflected its chemical composition changing more or less. Overall, ratios of flame retardant monomers had significant impact on fire resistance of wood-flour/PE composites.

Chemical, sorptive and morphological properties of montmorillonite treated with ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) solutions

Clay Minerals ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fijal ◽  
M. Zyla ◽  
M. Tokarz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Ammonium Bifluoride

AbstractThe fluorination of montmorillonite by aqueous ammonium bifluoride solution (NH4HF2) has been investigated by chemical, sorptive, porosimetric and electron microscopic methods. Changes in the chemical composition of the montmorillonite during the fluorination were compared both in the crystal surface and in the bulk sample. The accumulation of fluorine was distinctly zonal, being present mainly in the surface layers. The electron microscope studies showed that the 300–400 nm thick macrodomains in the initial montmorillonite were cracked into small microdomains 20–30 nm in thickness, this resulting from disruption in the continuity of the octahedral sheets. These distinct changes in morphology of the montmorillonite aggregates particularly influenced the porosity and sorptive properties.

scholarly journals Stalk architecture, cell wall composition, and QTL underlying high stalk flexibility for improved lodging resistance in maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaqing Wang ◽  
Zi Shi ◽  
Ruyang Zhang ◽  
Xuan Sun ◽  
Jidong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Fracture Angle ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Maize Varieties

Abstract Background Stalk fracture caused by strong wind can severely reduce yields in maize. Stalks with higher stiffness and flexibility will exhibit stronger lodging resistance. However, stalk flexibility is rarely studied in maize. Stalk fracture of the internode above the ear before tasseling will result in the lack of tassel and pollen, which is devastating for pollination in seed production. In this study, we focused on stalk lodging before tasseling in two maize inbred lines, JING724 and its improved line JING724A1 and their F2:3 population. Results JING724A1 showed a larger stalk fracture angle than JING724, indicating higher flexibility. In addition, compared to JING724, JING724A1 also had longer and thicker stalks, with a conical, frustum-shaped internode above the ear. Microscopy and X-ray microcomputed tomography of the internal stalk architecture revealed that JING724A1 had more vascular bundles and thicker sclerenchyma tissue. Furthermore, total soluble sugar content of JING724A1, especially the glucose component, was substantially higher than in JING724. Using an F2:3 population derived from a JING724 and JING724A1 cross, we performed bulk segregant analysis for stalk fracture angle and detected one QTL located on Chr3: 14.00–19.28 Mb. Through transcriptome data analysis and ∆ (SNP-index), we identified two candidate genes significantly associated with high stalk fracture angle, which encode a RING/U-box superfamily protein (Zm00001d039769) and a MADS-box transcription factor 54 (Zm00001d039913), respectively. Two KASP markers designed from these two candidate genes also showed significant correlations with stalk fracture angle. Conclusions The internode shape and glucose content are possibly correlated with stalk flexibility in maize. Two genes in the detected QTL are potentially associated with stalk fracture angle. These novel phenotypes and associated loci will provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the genetic mechanisms of lodging, and facilitate the selection of maize varieties with improved flexibility and robust lodging resistance.

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