Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis) agronomy in south-western Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1355
Author(s):  
M. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Vicia Narbonensis ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range

Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) shows promise as a fodder, green manure and grain crop in south-western Australia. This study examines the effect of time of sowing (2 experiments), plant density (3 experiments) and reaction to herbicides (4 experiments on tolerance to herbicides and 1 experiment on removing narbon bean from a wheat crop) in 10 separate field experiments sown at 4 locations in the mallee region of Western Australia from 1998 to 2001. Narbon bean was found to be unresponsive to changes in sowing date with yield maintained until the first week of June. The optimum plant density (90% of fitted maximum) for seed yield was found to be 31 plants/m2, equivalent to sowing rates in the range of 75–100 kg/ha. A wide range of herbicides applied either before sowing or immediately after sowing and before emergence had no significant effect on grain yield. These included simazine (750 g a.i./ha), cyanazine (1.25 kg a.i./ha) and diuron (500 g a.i./ha), which were applied immediately before sowing, and imazethapyr (29 g a.i./ha), which was applied after sowing, before emergence. Diflufenican (75 g a.i./ha) was found to be the only available option for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds. The use of the non-selective herbicides glyphosate (450 g a.i./L) and Sprayseed 250 (paraquat 135 g a.i./L and diquat 115 g a.i./L) as post-emergence herbicides was found to be unpredictable at a range of application rates. Results ranged from a yield loss of 47% to a yield increase of 23%. In an experiment to test a range of herbicides for the selective control of narbon bean within a wheat crop, numerous herbicides were found to effectively remove volunteer narbon bean indicating that narbon bean is unlikely to become a weed in most cereal cropping systems.

Response of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) to varying seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer rates in a no-till cropping system in Saskatchewan

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.E. May ◽  
M.P. Dawson ◽  
C.L. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Study ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
Precision Planting ◽  
N Rates

In the past, most sunflower research was conducted in tilled cropping systems and was based on wide row configurations established using precision planters. Little agronomic information is available for the no-till systems predominant in Saskatchewan, where crops are typically seeded in narrow rows using an air drill. Two studies were conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the optimum seeding and nitrogen (N) rates for short-season sunflowers in a no-till cropping system. The N rate study used 5 N rates (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 kg N ha−1) with the hybrid 63A21. The seeding rate study used 7 seeding rates (37 000, 49 000, 61 000, 74 000, 86 000, 98 000, and 111 000 seeds ha−1) with two cultivars, AC Sierra (open pollinated) and 63A21 (hybrid). There was a linear yield increase as the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg N ha−1. Based on the N rates tested in this study and current N fertilizer costs below $1 kg−1, sunflower yields and gross returns were most favorable at 90 kg N ha−1. Future N response research with a wider range of N rates is warranted to best determine the optimum N rate. The optimum seeding rate was between 98 000 and 111 000 seeds ha−1 for AC Sierra and between 74 000 and 86 000 seeds ha−1 for 63A21. The optimum plant density, approximately 70 000 to 75 000 plants ha−1, was similar for both cultivars. These results are higher than the current recommended seeding rates for wide-row precision planting systems in areas with a longer growing season.

An evaluation of potential Rhizobium inoculant strains used for pulse production in acidic soils of south-east Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inoculant Strain

Profitability of the pulse industry relies considerably on crop nitrogen fixation because this process supplies greater than 60% of pulse crop nitrogen. Therefore the industry requires the most efficient Rhizobium symbioses and effective inoculation management. Re-appraisal of the recommended inoculant strain for field pea, SU303, in south-east Australia, was warranted by field evidence that SU303 failed to maximise grain yield at sites in Western Australia. Re-appraisal of the inoculant strain for faba bean and lentil, WSM1274, was warranted because of anecdotal evidence from Western Australia of associated crop failures. In addition, a glasshouse study in Western Australia reported greater dry matter production by faba bean and lentil inoculated with strains other than WSM1274. This paper reports trials comparing potential inoculant strains for field pea and faba bean in soils of south-east Australia. Comparisons are based on efficiency for nitrogen fixation, survival on seed and survival in soil. Additionally, because the pulse industry lacked comprehensive information to assist decision making on the need for recurring inoculation, relevant investigation of this issue is also reported. The results of 3 field experiments for efficiency for nitrogen fixation, over mildly (pHCa 5.0) to strongly (pHCa 4.3) acidic soil in south-east Australia supported replacing SU303 as the commercial inoculant. The efficiency for nitrogen fixation of WSM1274 on faba bean was not found to be inferior to alternative strains. However, its capacity for survival on seed at temperatures of 15°C and above, over a wide range of relative humidity, and perhaps its capacity for survival in acidic soil, was inferior. This provided additional evidence to justify the replacement of this inoculant strain that was agreed to by a national steering committee in 2001, based on the Western Australia reports, the early experiments in this study and those of a collaborative study in Victoria. Alternative inoculant strains to SU303 and WSM1274 were identified in the current study. Temperature and relative humidity conditions suitable for maintaining inoculant viability with extended storage of inoculated field pea and faba bean are also discussed. A survey of rhizobia surviving in soil was used to determine the time scale of persistence of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) in soils of the south-east. It was concluded that in soils of pH (CaCl2) <5.1, inoculation of field pea and faba bean should be routinely practiced; none of the strains of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae tested showed ability for survival in strongly acidic soil sufficient to obviate seed inoculation. It was further concluded that the absence of a legume host for lupin rhizobia for 4 or more years would also warrant reintroducing inoculant of B. sp. (Lupinus).

Response of soybeans to sowing date during the wet season in the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
AL Garside ◽  
IM Wood
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Seed Yields

The responses of 3 soybean cultivars to sowing date during the wet season in the Ord Imgation Area (OIA) in northern Western Australia are described. The cultivars, Buchanan, Ross and Durack, are classified as early, medium and late maturity respectively, when grown during the wet season in the OIA. The cultivars were grown 10 times between 22 December and 18 April during 2 wet seasons and we investigated the patterns of phenology, growth and seed production. Sowing date had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the time to flowering (26-36 days) with cv. Buchanan, but the duration of flowering was curtaiied so that the period from sowing to maturity declined from 120 to 95 days as sowing was delayed from December to April. In contrast the time to flowering of cv. Durack declined in response to photoperiod from about 70 to 40 days and the time from sowing to maturity declined from about 160 to 100 days. The responses of cv. Ross were intermediate between those of Buchanan and Durack. The phenological responses to sowing date were consistent with responses to photoperiod rather than to temperature. Sowing date also affected plant morphology and yields and quality of seed. Delay in sowing after December led to declines in above-ground dry matter yields at flowering, in number of nodes on the main stem at flowering, crop height at maturity and seed yields. Mean individual seed weights increased with delay in sowing. Oil concentrations in the seed declined (from 23 to 17%) and protein concentrations increased (from 32 to 45%) as the period of pod development occurred later in the season. Phenology is a major determinant of the suitability of a cultivar for specific cropping systems. The early maturing cultivar, Buchanan, most closely meets the requirements for a system of double cropping in which the wet season soybean crop is followed by a May sown dry season crop. The late maturing cultivar, Durack, is suitable for a system involving a single wet-season crop.

Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Farré ◽  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
G. H. Walton ◽  
S. Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Using Data

Canola is a relatively new crop in the Mediterranean environment of Western Australia and growers need information on crop management to maximise profitability. However, local information from field experiments is limited to a few seasons and its interpretation is hampered by seasonal rainfall variability. Under these circumstances, a simulation model can be a useful tool. The APSIM-Canola model was tested using data from Western Australian field experiments. These experiments included different locations, cultivars, and sowing dates. Flowering date was predicted by the model with a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 4.7 days. The reduction in the period from sowing to flowering with delay in sowing date was accurately reproduced by the model. Observed yields ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 t/ha and simulated yields from 0.4 to 3.0 t/ha. Yields were predicted with a RMSD of 0.3–0.4 t/ha. The yield reduction with delayed sowing date in the high, medium, and low rainfall region (3.2, 6.1, and 8.6% per week, respectively) was accurately simulated by the model (1.1, 6.7, and 10.3% per week, respectively). It is concluded that the APSIM-Canola model, together with long-term weather data, can be reliably used to quantify yield expectation for different cultivars, sowing dates, and locations in the grainbelt of Western Australia.

Response of vetch (Vicia spp.) to plant density in south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Seymour ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
N. Brandon ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Matter Production

The response of Vicia sativa (cvv. Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Morava) and V. benghalensis (cv. Barloo) seed yield to seeding rate was examined in 9 field experiments across 2 years in south-western Australia. There were 2 types of field experiments: seeding rate (20, 40, 60, 100 and 140 kg/ha) × cultivar (Languedoc, Blanchefleur, and Morava or Barloo), and time of sowing (2 times of sowing of either Languedoc or Blanchefleur) × seeding rate (5,�7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha).A target density of 40 plants/m2 gave 'optimum' seed yield of vetch in south-western Australia. In high yielding situations, with a yield potential above 1.5 t/ha, the 'optimum' plant density for the early flowering cultivar Languedoc (85–97 days to 50% flowering) was increased to 60 plants/m2. The later flowering cultivar Blanchefleur (95–106 days to 50% flowering) had an optimum plant density of 33 plants/m2 at all sites, regardless of fitted maximum seed yield. Plant density in the range 31–38 plants/m2 was found to be adequate for dry matter production at maturity of Languedoc and Blanchefleur. For the remaining cultivars Barloo and Morava we were unable to determine an average optimum density for either dry matter or seed yield due to insufficient and/or inconsistent data.

Comparison of legume-based cropping systems at Warra, Queensland. 2. Mineral nitrogen accumulation and availability to the subsequent wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Hossain ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
SA Waring ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
EJ Weston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase

Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85–2.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08–3.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7–15.8%) than following wheat (8.0–9.4%) or chickpea (9.4–10.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.

Synchrony of flowering between canola and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Josée Simard ◽  
Anne Légère
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Flowering Periods

Many conditions need to be satisfied for gene flow to occur between a transgenic crop and its weedy relatives. Flowering overlap is one essential requirement for hybrid formation. Hybridization can occur between canola and its wild relative, wild radish. We studied the effects of wild radish plant density and date of emergence, canola (glyphosate resistant) planting dates, presence of other weeds, and presence of a wheat crop on the synchrony of flowering between wild radish and canola (as a crop and volunteer). Four field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in St-David de Lévis, Québec. Flowering periods of wild radish emerging after glyphosate application overlapped with early-, intermediate-, and late-seeded canola 14, 26, and 55%, respectively, of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of early-emerging wild radish and canola volunteers in uncropped treatments overlapped from mid-June until the end of July, ranging from 26 to 81% of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of wild radish and canola volunteers emerging synchronously on May 30 or June 5 as weeds in wheat overlapped 88 and 42%, respectively, of their total flowering time. For later emergence dates, few flowers or seeds were produced by both species because of wheat competition. Wild radish density in canola and wild radish and canola volunteer densities in wheat did not affect the mean flowering dates of wild radish or canola. Increasing wild radish density in uncropped plots (pure or weedy stands) hastened wild radish flowering. Our results show that if hybridization is to happen, it will be most likely with uncontrolled early-emerging weeds in crops or on roadsides, field margins, and uncultivated areas, stressing the need to control the early flush of weeds, weedy relatives, and crop volunteers in noncrop areas.

scholarly journals Plant density and peanut crop yield (Arachis hypogaea) in the peanut growing region of Córdoba (Argentina)

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Morla ◽  
O. Giayetto ◽  
E. M. Fernandez ◽  
G. A. Cerioni ◽  
C. Cerliani
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growing Region

ABSTRACT Plant density is one of the most important management factors affecting the peanut growth, modifying the capacity to capture radiation, water and nutrients. Peanut yield response to increased plant density changes according to environmental conditions, the genotype used, and planting date. Therefore, the optimum plant density (OPD) may vary with location. The aim of this project was (i) to fit the Mitscherlich's equation of diminishing productivities to the yield response of runner-type peanuts to increasing plant density under different growing conditions in the peanut growing region of Cordoba Argentina; and (ii) validate this model with independent experimental data. The first stage was based on the analysis of data from different projects of plant densities carried out in the peanut growing area of Córdoba. This information was adjusted to the decreasing yield equation and the OPD was calculated. For validation, a field experiment was conducted during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons under irrigated and rain-fed conditions where pod yield was evaluated for 5, 12, 18, 25 and 36 plants/m2. No interaction was detected between soil moisture conditions and plant density. Yield response to plant density had a high degree of fitness for a wide range of environmental and crop conditions. In field experiments, the peanut yield decreased only at the lowest plant density (5 plants/m2). Yield response to density adjusted to the Mitscherlich equation indicated that OPD ranged from 10.5 to 24.8 plants/m2. Using a single adjustment equation y = 1(1 – e−0.1784x), OPD was estimated to be 16.8 plants/m2 at harvest (11.7 plants per linear meter in 0.7 m between rows) for the peanut growing region of Cordoba. This approach can be a valuable input, along with other variables to analyze, when choosing peanut sowing density.

Relationship between soil properties, crop management, plant growth and vigour, nematode occurrence and root damage in East African Highland banana-cropping systems: a case study in Rwanda

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Gaidashova ◽  
Piet van Asten ◽  
Dirk De Waele ◽  
Bruno Delvaux
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
East African ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Health ◽  
Pratylenchus Goodeyi

Abstract Parasitic nematodes are widespread in Musa cropping systems in African lowlands where they are known to limit crop production. However, their distribution is very poorly known in the large parts of the East African Highland banana ecology. We carried out a survey in 188 fields in Rwanda to assess and understand nematode occurrence and damage under a wide range of agroecological conditions. Altitude varied from 900 to 1800 m above sea level and soil types were distinctly different in the five eco-regions sampled and derived from diverse parent materials; i.e., Ruhengeri (Andosol), Gitarama-Butare (Acrisol), Kibungo (Nitisol), Gashonga (Ferralsol) and Bugarama (Fluvisol and Vertisol). Crop management practices, root health parameters and nematode infection in roots were recorded for a single East African highland banana cultivar (Intuntu, AAA-EA). Plant-parasitic nematodes from five genera were identified: Pratylenchus goodeyi, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Meloidogyne spp., Radopholus similis and Hoplolaimus pararobustus. Pratylenchus goodeyi was the dominant species in all eco-regions except in Bugarama (lowland). Only the presence of P. goodeyi significantly correlated with root necroses. Altitude was strongly correlated with root densities of P. goodeyi and R. similis. A possible negative impact by P. goodeyi on banana yields was masked by the fact that nematode populations were positively correlated with high plant density and/or mulching practices, which led to relatively high plant vigour irrespective of soil type. Therefore, controlled field experiments will be needed to assess whether root necrosis caused by P. goodeyi at high altitude (>1400 m) actually has a detrimental impact on banana yields, similar to that observed for root-lesion nematodes at lower altitudes.

scholarly journals Effects of Green Manure Type and Amendment Rate on Verticillium Wilt Severity and Yield of Russet Burbank Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ochiai ◽  
M. L. Powelson ◽  
R. P. Dick ◽  
F. J. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Russet Burbank Potato ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
Application Rates

Increasing restriction of agrochemicals is motivating development of ecology-based cropping systems, including green manures, to manage soilborne diseases. Green manures have shown promise in suppressing Verticillium dahliae, but information about effect of different green manures and optimal application rates remains limited. Therefore, we conducted two single-year field experiments comparing effects of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ‘Melrose’), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ‘Excelsior’), and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense ‘Monarch’), amended at 6, 12, or 24 Mg ha-1, on soil populations and root infection by V. dahliae, wilt severity, and yield of Russet Burbank potato. Inoculum density was reduced relative to the nonamended, infested control by all broccoli treatments, Austrian winter pea applied at 12 and 24 Mg ha-1, and Sudan grass applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Root infection was not reduced by any green manure treatment. Median wilt severity was reduced approximately 70% by all green manures applied at 24 Mg ha-1 and 74% by Austrian winter pea applied at 12 Mg ha-1. Tuber yield was reduced approximately 20% in nonamended, V. dahliae-infested controls relative to the noninfested controls. No green manure treatment improved yield relative to the nonamended, infested control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document