Deep cultivation of a sandy soil, near Esperance, reduced the incidence of Rhizoctonia bare patch and increased grain yield of lupins

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan ◽  
WL Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Plot Area

The incidence of rhizoctonia bare patch in lupins was decreased by increasing the depth of cultivation on a grey sand at Gibson, Western Australia. With a shallow 5 cm cultivation, 18% of the plot area was covered with rhizoctonia patches. Deep ripping with an Agrowplow to 20 cm reduced the area of patch to 7%. Deeper ripping to 30 cm further decreased the area of patch. The area covered by rhizoctonia patches was negatively related with lupin yields and accounted for 65% of the variation of dry matter yields of lupin whole tops and 70% of the variation in grain yields. The increase in lupin grain yield as a result of the cultivation (deep ripping) could possibly be due to the reduction of rhizoctonia patch area and any effects that cultivation alone had on lupin growth. The effects of cultivation (deep ripping) and rhizoctonia bare patch on lupin grain yields cannot be separated in this experiment.

Timing and intensity of surface cultivation and depth of cultivation affect Rhizoctonia patch and wheat yield

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jarvis ◽  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Patch Area ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Direct Drilling

The incidence of rhizoctonia patch was reduced by both intensity and depth of cultivation on a fine white sand near Gibson, W.A. When seed was direct drilled with a triple disc drill, 13.3% of the plot area was covered with patches compared with 16.1% following a tined combine seeder. Direct drilling with a modified tined combine seeder which cultivated 10-cm deep while seeding at 3-cm depth had 6.2% patch and was as effective, in reducing patch area, as the best pre-seeding cultivation treatment of 2 scarifying (6.6%). Deep ripping to a depth of 27 cm with an Agrowplow before scarifying and seeding reduced the incidence of patch to only 2.1%. The area of patch and wheat grain yield were inversely correlated (P< 0.001) and accounted for 32% of the variation. Effects (other than rhizoctonia) on grain yield due to the cultivation treatments are suggested. Cultivation directly below the seed placement with the modified combine increased wheat plant growth and grain yield. Deep ripping further increased above-ground dry matter, and grain yield was 58% greater than the yield from direct drilling with the triple disc drill.

Effect of nitrogen and residual copper on the occurrence of Rhizoctonia bare patch in wheat grown near Esperance, Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

The area of rhizoctonia bare patch and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khnn) were reduced by the application of ammonium nitrate fertiliser. Residual copper (Cu) from a Cu fertiliser treatment in 1967 had no effect on the area of rhizoctonia bare patch or the incidence and severity of root rot. With no applied nitrogen (N), 17.6% (mean of residual Cu levels) of the plot was affected by patches while the area of plot affected by patches declined to 4.2% where 92 kg N/ha had been applied. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot declined from 45.9 and 27.0% to 32.7 and 9.1%, respectively, with the application of N fertiliser. The grain yield of wheat supplied with adequate Cu increased although the level of N fertiliser exceeded that considered adequate for plant nutrition. The response is explained by the control of rhizoctonia bare patch. The area of rhizoctonia patches and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot decreased with the application of N, and with adequate Cu fertiliser (2.2 kg Cu/ha), the grain yields increased. However, with marginal and deficient levels of applied Cu fertiliser, the application of N fertiliser induced Cu deficiency in wheat plants, and the grain yields declined although rhizoctonia patches were reduced.

Increasing phosphorus concentration in lupin seed increases grain yield on phosphorus deficient soil

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
BH Paynter ◽  
MJ Baker
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
The Difference

In a field experiment on a phosphorus (P) deficient soil in south-western Australia, lupin seed (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Danja) of the same size (157 mg/seed) but with 2 different phosphorus (P) concentrations in the seed (2.0 and 2.8 g P/kg) was sown with 4 levels of superphosphate (5, 20, 40 and 60 kg P/ha) drilled with the seed in May 1988 to examine the effect of seed P concentration on subsequent dry matter (DM) and grain yields. Increasing the amount of superphosphate applied from 5 to 60 kg P/ha almost doubled yields. In addition, lupins grown from seed containing the higher P concentration produced larger yields of dried whole tops in early August (69-day-old) for all levels of superphosphate drilled with the seed, the difference decreasing from about 45 to 10% as the level of superphosphate increased from 5 to 60 kg P/ha. By maturity (mid- November), however, plants grown from seed containing the higher P concentration in seed produced higher DM yields of tops and grain only when 5 and 20 kg P/ha superphosphate was drilled with the seed, the differences being about 40 and 20%, respectively.

scholarly journals Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Xiu Chen ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Yuan Liang ◽  
Yu-Min Liu ◽  
Shi-Jie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Spike Number

Abstract Although researchers have determined that attaining high grain yields of winter wheat depends on the spike number and the shoot biomass, a quantitative understanding of how phosphorus (P) nutrition affects spike formation, leaf expansion and photosynthesis is still lacking. A 3-year field experiment with wheat with six P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha−1) was conducted to investigate this issue. Stem development and mortality, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and P concentration in whole shoots and in single tillers were studied at key growth stages for this purpose. The results indicated that spike number contributed the most to grain yield of all the yield components in a high-yielding (>8 t/ha) winter wheat system. The main stem (MS) contributed 79% to the spike number and tiller 1 (T1) contributed 21%. The 2.7 g kg−1 tiller P concentration associated with 15 mg kg−1 soil Olsen-P at anthesis stage led to the maximal rate of productive T1s (64%). The critical shoot P concentration that resulted in an adequate product of Pn and LAI was identified as 2.1 g kg−1. The thresholds of shoot P concentration that led to the maximum productive ability of T1 and optimal canopy photosynthetic capacity at anthesis were very similar. In conclusion, the thresholds of soil available P and shoot P concentration in whole plants and in single organs (individual tillers) were established for optimal spike formation, canopy photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. These thresholds could be useful in achieving high grain yields while avoiding excessive P fertilization.

Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bakker ◽  
G. J. Hamilton ◽  
D. J. Houlbrooke ◽  
C. Spann ◽  
A. Van Burgel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Flat Ground

Waterlogging of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The work described in this paper examines the application of raised beds to arable land that is frequently waterlogged for the production of crops such as wheat, barley, field peas, lupins and canola. Raised beds are 138 cm wide, seed beds separated by 45 cm wide furrows 183 cm apart. These beds were made with a commercial bed former. Seven sites were selected across the south-eastern wheat belt of Western Australia with the experimental areas varying in size from 10 to 57 ha. These large sites were used to accommodate commercial farm machinery. Each site had raised beds formed with a commercial bedformer. The production from the bedded areas was compared with crops grown conventionally on flat ground under minimum tillage as the control. The experiments were established in 1997 and 1998 and the sites were monitored for a maximum of 5 years. In 11 of the 28 site-years of the experiments, grain yields on the raised beds were statistically significantly higher than the yield from crops grown on the control, with an average yield increase of 0.48 t/ha. Across the whole dataset, growing crops on raised beds did not produce significantly lower yields. Below average rainfall was received for much of the experimental period at several sites. Growing season rainfall had a large effect on grain yield and high rainfall over a period of 40 days after seeding significantly increased the grain yield difference between the raised bed and the control. These data indicate that the use of raised beds lead to higher grain yields when seasonal conditions are appropriate.

Effectiveness of some copper compounds applied as foliar sprays in alleviating copper deficiency of wheat grown on copper-deficient soils of Western Australia

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Copper Compounds ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The effectiveness of copper oxychloride (CU2Cl(OH)3, 52% Cu) and chelated Cu (Cu-EDTA, 15% Cu) were compared with the effectiveness of copper sulphate (CuSO4, 25% Cu) as foliar sprays for alleviating Cu deficiency and obtaining maximum grain yields of wheat (1.93-2.5 t/ha). The experiments were conducted over 4 years at 4 sites in the Lake Grace and Newdegate districts, about 300-350 km south-east of Perth, Western Australia. Each source was sprayed at 6 or 7 rates of Cu to define the relationship between grain yield and the amount of foliar Cu applied for wheat grown on soils where Cu had not been previously applied. The levels of Cu sprayed in experiment 1 were 0, 21, 63, 125, 250, and 375 g/ha, and for experiments 2,3 and 4, the levels of Cu were 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 g/ha. The relative effectiveness of foliar-applied chelated Cu and CU2Cl(OH)3, compared with CuSO4, was 1.72-2.24 and 0.47-0.63, respectively. Although the relative effectiveness of each product was different, similar quantities of each were required to achieve maximum wheat grain yield because of the difference in the Cu contents of each source of Cu. The amounts of Cu product sprayed for maximum grain yields of wheat varied within the ranges 0.9-1.8 kg/ha, 0.8-1.2 kg/ha and 0.8-1.8 kg/ha for CuSO4, chelated Cu and CU2Cl(OH)3, respectively.

Growth, yield and neurotoxin (ODAP) concentration of three Lathyrus species in mediterranean-type environments of Western Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
SP Loss ◽  
SP Herwig ◽  
JM Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Lathyrus Sativus L ◽  
Western Australian

The growth, phenology, grain yield and neurotoxin (ODAP) content of Lathyrus sativus, L. cicera and L. ochrus were compared with a locally adapted field pea (Pisum sativum L.) to examine their potential as grain legumes in Western Australian farming systems. About 17 lines of each species were obtained from ICARDA, Syria, and grown at 3 agro-climatically different sites. In general, the 3 species were later flowering than field pea, especially L. cicera and L. ochrus; however, L. sativus was the last species to mature. The best Lathyrus lines produced biomass near flowering similar to field pea. At the most favourable site, grain yields were up to 1.6, 2.6 and 1.7 t/ha for L. sativus, L. cicera and L. ochrus respectively, compared with a field pea grain yield of 3.1 t/ha. There was considerable genotype and environmental variation in ODAP concentration in the seed. On average, the ODAP concentration of L. ochrus (6.58 mg/g) was about twice that of L. sativus, and L. cicera had the lowest ODAP concentration (1.31 mg/g). Given that Lathyrus spp. have not had the same breeding effort as field pea and other grain legumes in Australia, these results encourage further selection or breeding. In the shor-tseasoned, mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia, harvest indices and grain yields could be improved with early flowering. Low ODAP concentration should also be sought.

The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute

The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.

Growth, yield and nitrogen requirements of winter sown cereals grown after cotton or summer fallow in the lower Namoi Valley, New South Wales

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
GK McDonald ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
FW Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Three winter cereals (wheat varieties Songlen and WW 15, triticale variety Satu) were grown after cotton or summer fallow under three levels of applied nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) at Narrabri, New South Wales. The cereals were sown on August 7, 1980 and growing season rainfall was supplemented by a single irrigation. Leaf area, total shoot dry matter production and ears per square metre were lower after cotton than after summer fallow, while grain yields of cereals sown immediately after cotton were 33% lower than those sown after fallow. Adding nitrogen increased leaf area, dry matter and grain yields of crops grown after cotton and fallow, but significant increases were not obtained with more than 100 kg/ha of applied nitrogen. Crops grown after cotton required an application of 100 kg N/ha for leaf and dry matter production at anthesis to equal that of crops grown after fallow with no additional nitrogen. The corresponding cost to grain yield of growing cotton was equivalent to 200 kg N/ha. The low grain yield responses measured in this experiment (1 8 and 10% increase to 100 kg N/ha after cotton and fallow, respectively) were attributed to the combined effects of late sowing, low levels of soil moisture and loss, by denitrification, of some of the applied nitrogen. The triticale, Satu, yielded significantly less than the two wheats (1 99 g/m2 for Satu c.f. 255 and 286 g/m2 for Songlen and WW 15, respectively), and did not appear to be a viable alternative to wheat in a cotton rotation.

Effect of short chemical fallow on Rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot of wheat at Esperance, Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC MacNish ◽  
CS Fang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Mixture Prior ◽  
Chemical Fallow

The effects of short chemical fallows after ryegrass pasture on rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot ofwheat were studied in 2 experiments at the Esperance Downs Research Station, 35 km north of Esperance, W.A. In 1 experiment the subterranean-clover dominant pasture was sprayed with a paraquat-diquat mixture prior to resowing with annual ryegrass at densities ranging from 3 to about 400 plants m-2. The ryegrass was allowed to grow for either 42 or 63 days prior to treatment with a desiccant herbicide (paraquat-diquat) followed by a short chemical fallow of 26 or 5 days, respectively, before sowing with wheat using minimum tillage. Some treatments were cultivated twice to 10 cm. Neither the ryegrass density nor the length of chemical fallow had any effect (P=0.05) on rhizoctonia bare patch score or incidence or severity of root rot. However, cultivation caused 76% reduction in mean patch score and a 38 and 68% reduction in mean rhizoctonia incidence and severity respectively. Yield was negatively correlated with rhizoctonia incidence and severity: each 1% increase in incidence percentage resulted in 17 kg ha-1 reduction in grain yield of wheat. In another experiment, chemical fallow periods of 66, 52, 24 or 1 day prior to sowing wheat had no effect (P= 0.05) on rhizoctonia root rot incidence.

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