Influence of an acid soil on the herbage yield and nodulation of five annual pasture legumes

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Evans ◽  
B Dear ◽  
GE O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Persian Clover

Balansa, persian and subterranean clover and barrel and murex medic were grown in acidic sandy loam in pots in a glasshouse. Four lime treatments (0, 1, 2, 3.5 t/ha) resulted in pH levels of 4.2, 4.7, 5.1 and 6.0 (1:5 CaCl2). After addition of plant nutrients, total exchangeable cations in the nil lime treatment averaged 2.197 cmol(+)/kg, increasing to 4.738 cmol(+)/kg at pH 6.0. With increasing pH, aluminium saturation of the soil exchange was 38, 14, 4 and 3%. The effect of soil acidity on dry matter production was compared between legumes by determining relative yield (yield/maximum yield) responses over the pH range. Subterranean clover was the most tolerant legume, followed by murex medic and balansa clover (similar), persian clover and then barrel medic. All legumes except barrel medic produced at least 90% of maximum yield at pH 4.7; only subterranean clover produced more than 90% of maximum yield at pH 4.2. Establishment of nodules was more sensitive to acidity than indicated by relative yields of dry matter, especially in murex medic and persian clover. Average nodule weight usually increased at lower pH. The dry matter yields of murex medic and persian clover at lower pH were probably reliant on compensatory increases in nodule volume as nodule number declined with increasing acidity.

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. II. A comparison of subterranean clover cultivars, medics and grasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The external and internal requirements for sulfur of five pasture legumes and three grasses of temperate origin were examined in a pot experiment in which plants were grown with seven levels of sulfur supply for 58 days. Nitrogen supply was non-limiting. There was no distinct difference between legumes and grasses in their external requirement for sulfur (i.e. the amount of sulfur required for 90% of maximum yield) or in their sensitivity to sulfur deficiency (i.e. yield at the lowest sulfur supply expressed as a percentage of maximum yield). The requirement for sulfur (mg/pot) fell in the following order: Hunter River lucerne (24) > Jemalong barrel medic (19) > brome grass and Wimmera ryegrass (18) > barley grass (15) > Clare subterranean clover (13) > Trikkala subterranean clover (11) > Seaton Park subterranean clover (10). The high external requirement for sulfur of Hunter River lucerne appears to be due to its poor ability to distribute sulfur from root to shoot and to its high internal requirement for sulfur. However, for Jemalong barrel medic, the high external requirement was solely due to its high internal requirement for sulfur. The higher external requirement for sulfur of the grasses compared with the subterranean clover cultivars appears to be due to the poorer ability of the grasses to obtain sulfur from the soil used in this experiment, rather than to differences in the transfer of sulfur from root to shoot, or in their internal requirement for sulfur.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Manganese toxicity in Trifolium balansae, T. resupinatum, T. subterraneum, Medicago murex, M. polymorpha, M. sativa, Lotus pedunculatus, and Ornithopus compressus: relative tolerance and critical toxicity concentrations

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
DGDe Marco ◽  
CB Li ◽  
PJ Randall ◽  
Marco DG De
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mn Concentrations

This paper describes the tolerance to high concentrations of manganese (Mn) of pasture legumes that are suitable for the >500 mm rainfall zone in southern Australia. The legumes are lucerne (Medicago sativa), burr medic (M. polymorpha), murex medic (M. murex), balansa clover (Trifolium balansae), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), subterranean clover (T: subterraneum), greater lotus (Lotus pedunculatus), and seradella (Ornithopus compressus). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Egret and subterranean clover cvv. Mt Barker and Karridale were included to place the tolerance of the remaining species in the context of other studies.Symptoms of toxicity differed between species. Species ranking (in descending order) for Mn tolerance, and external threshold Mn concentrations (mmol/L), were subterranean clover (1.0), wheat (0.71), balansa clover (0.54), greater lotus (0.51), serradella (0.50), Persian clover (0.25), murex medic (0.24), burr medic (0.20), and lucerne (0.19). Critical toxicity concentrations derived from the relationships of yields to Mn concentrations in whole shoots for each species were as follows (mg Mn/kg DW): subterranean clover (2010), balansa clover (1330), serradella (1080), greater lotus (760), wheat (570), burr medic (440), murex medic (430), Persian clover (360), lucerne (190).

Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Total rates of N applied in the first year of the experiments were 0, 60, 120, 160, 200 and 320 kg N/ha, which were adjusted in subsequent years as detailed in the ‘Materials and methods’ section of this paper. The pastures in the experiments were rotationally grazed, by starting grazing when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. The amount of pasture DM on each plot was measured before and after each grazing and was then used to estimate the amount of pasture DM consumed by the cows at each grazing for different times during the growing season. Linear increases (responses) of pasture DM to applied N occurred throughout the whole growing season when a total of up to 320 kg N/ha was applied in each year. No maximum yield plateaus were defined. Across all three experiments and years, on average in each year, a total of ~5 t/ha consumed DM was produced when no N was applied and ~7.5 t/ha was produced when a total of 200 kg N/ha was applied, giving ~2.5 t/ha increase in DM consumed and an N response efficiency of ~12.5 kg DM N/kg applied. As more fertiliser N was applied, the proportion of ryegrass in the pasture consistently increased, whereas clover content decreased. Concentrations of nitrate-N in the DM consistently increased as more N was applied, whereas concentrations of total N, and, therefore, concentration of crude protein in the DM, either increased or were unaffected by applied N. Application of N had no effect on concentrations of other mineral elements in DM and on dry matter digestibility and metabolisable energy of the DM. The results were generally consistent with findings of previous pasture N studies for perennial and annual temperate and subtropical pastures. We have shown that when pasture use for milk production has been maximised in the region, it is profitable to apply fertiliser N to grow extra DM consumed by dairy cows; conversely, it is a waste of money to apply N to undergrazed pastures to produce more unused DM.

Manganese deficiency in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Matter Basis

Manganese deficiency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) appeared in pots of a Kangaroo Island soil, the pH of which had been changed by the addition of small amounts of lime from 6.2 (the natural pH) to 6.3-6.5. As a result of this deficiency, yields were severely depressed. The symptoms of manganese deficiency in subterranean clover are described. Chemical analyses of healthy plants showed manganese contents, expressed on a dry matter basis, varying from 30 p.p.m. on a slightly acid soil to over 300 p.p.m. on a strongly acid soil. Plants in various stages of manganese deficiency showed only 4-25 p.p.m. It is suggested that, at the flowering stage, 25 parts of manganese per million parts of dry matter represents the minimum amount of manganese for healthy growth of subterranean clover. Applications of manganese sulphate to the soil at a rate of 56 lb/acre prevented the appearance of manganese deficiency symptoms, increased the manganese content of the clover to 35 p.p.m., and led to nearly a 20-fold increase in growth. Manganese deficiency in subterranean clover has also been seen in the field on Kangaroo Island and one sample examined showed only 9.4 p.p.m. of manganese on a dry matter basis.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. I. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Three cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin; Trifolium yanninicum cv. Trikkala) were grown on three copper-deficient soil types at seven rates of copper, applied at sowing, to determine their vegetative and seed yield response to copper fertilizer.On two soil types, symptoms of copper deficiency were apparent where no copper was supplied. On the third, symptoms appeared only in one season, after the site was waterlogged. On the three soil types, the symptoms disappeared when 0.125 kg Cu/ha was applied at sowing. although at this rate vegetative and seed yields were reduced by as much as 44% and 59% respectively.The proposed critical concentration range in youngest open leaf tissue for both diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter and predicting maximum seed yield is 3.0-4.5 mg Cu/kg for Woogenellup and Nungarin subterranean clover. Trikkala subterranean clover had higher critical concentration ranges for diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter (4.0-6.0 mg Culkg) and predicting maximum seed yield (4.5-7.0 mg Cu/kg). It was not clear whether this difference was due to a higher internal requirement for copper of Trikkala or overlying environmental conditions affecting the external copper supply at the time of sampling.For whole top tissue (WT), there was no difference in the critical concentration range between the three cultivars for diagnosing maximum vegetative yield (3.0-4.0 mg Cu/kg). However, the critical concentration in WT for predicting maximum seed yield was higher for Trikkala (5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg) than Woogenellup and Nungarin (3.5-4.5 mg Cu/kg). In the pasture situation, a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when animal requirement is considered.Seed copper concentration for predicting maximum seed or vegetative yield was not a reliable indicator of copper status of subterranean clover.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS RATES OF LIMING AND FERTILIZATION ON CERTAIN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A STRONGLY ACID SOIL AND ON THE ESTABLISHMENT, YIELD, BOTANICAL, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A FORAGE MIXTURE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
F. W. Calder ◽  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
C. R. MacEachern
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone

In a field experiment, application of increasing rates of dolomitic limestone and 0-20-20 fertilizer to a strongly acid sandy loam produced marked changes in the chemical properties of the soil and in the composition and yield of a forage mixture grown thereon. The magnitude of the changes decreased as rates of limestone and fertilizer increased.Liming the soil caused decreases in exchangeable K and in Al extractable with N KCl. The latter change was particularly marked when soil pH was raised from 4.6 to 5.4.Legume species showed good establishment at all pH levels above 5.4 and relative sward density was highest at a pH of 6.2 to 6.6.Irrespective of fertilization rate dry-matter yields of forage were practically doubled by the 2.5-ton rate of limestone which changed soil pH from 4.6 to 5.4. There were also marked yield increases from fertilizer regardless of liming rate. The data further show that optimum yields resulted from liming to pH 6.0–6.5 and application of 400 lb per acre of 0-20-20.

Time distribution of seedlings emergence from single seed crops of several annual pasture legumes

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Original Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

Seedling emergence from single seed crops of Dwalganup and Geraldton subterranean clover, Yamina cupped clover, Troodos and Kondinin rose clover, and Cyprus barrel medic, was studied in a low rainfall wheatbelt environment in Western Australia. The proportion of the original seed set recovered as seedlings was highest from the subterranean clovers in the first year but about the same for all genotypes in the second year. Few subterranean clover seeds were recovered in the third regeneration year either as seedlings or residual hard seeds, whereas significant proportions of the original seed of the other genotypes were obtained. More than 10 per cent of the original seed of Cyprus barrel medic and Yamina cupped clover remained ungerminated at the end of the third season. Between about 35 and 75 per cent of the original seed set was not accounted for in the genotypes studied. The proportions of the total seedling numbers that emerged following summer and early autumn rains were generally highest from the subterranean clovers and least from the cupped clover and medic. It is suggested that these different patterns of emergence within years were the result of differences in embyro dormancy rather than different patterns of hard seed breakdown.

Establishment and early growth after rice of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), balansa clover (T. michelianum), and white clover (T. repens)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAE Lattimore ◽  
HG Beecher ◽  
KL O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Persian Clover

Four temperate clovers were grown on a typical rice-growing soil in the Murrumbidgee Valley, New South Wales, to assess their establishment and early growth potential. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. yanninicum) cv. Trikkala, Persian clover (T. resupinatum) cv. Maral, balansa clover (T. michelianum var. balansae) cv. Paradana, and white clover (T. repens) cv. Haifa were sown immediately following a rice crop in autumn of 3 consecutive years. Seven sowing methods were compared, including combinations of surface or drill sowing with land preparation techniques commonly used in rice-farming systems. All cultivars established successfully. Trikkala had the best establishment on the basis of per cent seed sown in year 2, and equal best in years 1 and 3, although Paradana and Maral had higher plant densities at the sowing rates used. Paradana and Maral produced the highest dry matter yields and Haifa the lowest (P<0.05) in the growing period to mid-spring. Sowing method strongly influenced (P<0.05) both establishment and yield of clover. Sowing into a dense rice canopy before harvest severely restricted clover performance, while harvesting rice before sowing greatly improved (P<0.05) clover establishment and dry matter production. Establishment from surface sowing was generally more successful than from drill sowing, although yields with both methods were mostly satisfactory. Establishment and yields were highest after burning stubble, but this effect was variable and not always significant. Sowing after cultivation was not successful, especially in the 2 wetter years, due to poor seedbed preparation and waterlogging.

AGWEST Sothis: Trifolium dasyurum (eastern star clover)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Loi ◽  
B. J. Nutt ◽  
C. K. Revell ◽  
R. Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
World Agriculture ◽  
Annual Medics

Trifolium dasyurum C. Presl. (eastern star clover) is a species native to the eastern Mediterranean regions. AGWEST Sothis is the first cultivar of eastern star clover released to world agriculture. It has high levels of dry matter and seed production and seed can be harvested with modified grain harvesters. AGWEST Sothis is suitable for use on acid and alkaline fine-textured soils in low to medium rainfall areas (325–450 mm) in southern Australia. AGWEST Sothis is an early to mid-maturing variety, flowering ~100 days after emergence in Perth, Australia. Individual seeds weigh ~6 mg. In regenerating stands, AGWEST Sothis germinates very late in the season compared with traditional pasture legumes such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) and weeds. The delay in germination allows the use of non-selective herbicides or intensive grazing after the break of season for a long period 3–6 weeks to obtain >90% control of troublesome crop weeds. In spite of its late germination, AGWEST Sothis grows rapidly in late winter/spring and can become a productive legume-dominant pasture for grazing or forage conservation.

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