Effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on the exposure risk of toxic emissions from diesel vehicles

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Toxic Species ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range

Environmental Context. Motor vehicle emissions of toxic chemicals are a major contributor to urban air pollution, and to potential human health problems. Diesel vehicles have historically been major sources of smoke and fine particles that contain a wide range of toxic species. In this study the effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on the cancer forming risk of toxic compounds in diesel exhaust are determined. It is found that the major risk is due to toxic compounds such as benzene formed during fuel combustion in the vehicle engine. Abstract. Diesel vehicles are an important source of emission of air pollutants, particularly toxic compounds with potential health impacts. Current developments in engine design and fuel quality are expected to reduce these emissions, but many older vehicles will make a major contribution to urban pollutant concentrations and related health impacts for many years. In this study the relative inhalation risk of emissions of a range of toxic compounds are reported using data from a study of in-service vehicles driven through urban drive cycles using a range of diesel fuel formulations. The fuels ranged in sulfur content from 24 to 1700 ppm, and in total aromatics from 7.7 to 33 mass%. Effects of vehicle type and fuel composition on the risk of emissions of a range of toxic species are reported. The results show that the inhalation cancer risk is dominated for most of the vehicles and the testing modes by emissions of the combustion derived products, particularly benzene, naphthalene, and formaldehyde, and not by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene. Based on the relative risk represented by these toxic species, improved fuel quality does not result in significant reductions in the relative inhalation cancer risk. However, this conclusion may be affected by additional toxic species and fine particles present in diesel exhaust, which were not included in this study.

scholarly journals Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 6779-6795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Cui ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Yanli Feng ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Junyu Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Operational Mode ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Operation Modes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract. With the rapid growth in the number of both non-road and on-road diesel vehicles, the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) and its constituents on air quality and human health have attracted increasing attentions. However, studies on the characteristics of PM and its composition emitted from diesel vehicles are still scarce, especially under real-world driving conditions. In this study, six excavators and five trucks that provided a wide range of emission standards and operation modes were tested, and PM emissions and their constituents – including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions (WSIs), elements, and organic species like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes – as well as steranes were analyzed and characterized. The average emission factors for PM (EFPM) from excavator and truck emissions were 829 ± 806 and 498 ± 234 mg kg−1 fuel, respectively. EFPM and PM constituents were significantly affected by fuel quality, operational mode, and emission standards. A significant correlation (R2 = 0. 79, p < 0. 01) was found between EFPM for excavators and the sulfur contents in fuel. The highest average EFPM for working excavators was 904 ± 979 mg kg−1 fuel as a higher engine load required in this mode. From pre-stage 1 to stage 2, the average EFPM for excavators decreased by 58 %. For trucks, the average non-highway EFPM at 548 ± 311 mg kg−1 fuel was higher than the highway EFPM at 497 ± 231 mg kg−1 fuel. Moreover, the reduction rates were 63.5 and 65.6 % when switched from China II and III to China IV standards, respectively. Generally, the PM composition emitted from excavators was dominated by OC (39. 2 ± 21. 0 %) and EC (33. 3 ± 25. 9 %); PM from trucks was dominated by EC (26. 9 ± 20. 8 %), OC (9. 89 ± 12 %), and WSIs (4. 67 ± 5. 74 %). The average OC ∕ EC ratios for idling and working excavators were 3 to 4 times higher than those for moving excavators. Although the EFPM for excavators and trucks was reduced with the constraint of regulations, the element fractions for excavators increased from 0.49 % in pre-stage 1 to 3.03 % in stage 2, and the fraction of WSIs for the China IV truck was 5 times higher than the average value of all other-level trucks. Furthermore, as compared with other diesel vehicles, wide ranges were found for excavators of the ratios of benzo[a]anthracene ∕ (benzo[a]anthracene + chrysene) (0.26–0.86), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene ∕ (indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene + benzo[ghi]perylene) (0.20–1.0), and fluoranthene ∕ (fluoranthene + pyrene) (0.24–0.87), which might be a result of the complex characteristics of the excavator operation modes. A comparison of our results with those in the literature revealed that on-board measurement data more accurately reflect actual conditions. Although the fractions of the 16 priority PAHs in PM from the excavator and truck emissions were similar, the equivalent concentrations of total benzo[a]pyrene of excavators were 31 times than that for trucks, implying that more attention should be paid to non-road vehicle emissions.

scholarly journals Measurement on PM and its chemical compositions for real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Cui ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Junyu Zheng ◽  
Chongguo Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Abstract. With increasing population of both non-road and on-road diesel vehicles, the adverse effects of PM and its compositions (such as elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) on air quality and human health get more and more attention. However, characteristics of PM and its compositions emitted from diesel vehicles, particularly measured under real-world condition, are scarce. In this study, six excavators and five trucks, involving wide-range emission standards and working in different operating modes, were tested to characterize constituents of PM (including organic carbon (OC), EC, water soluble ions (WSIs), elements, and organic species such as PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes). The average emission factors of PM (EFPM) for excavators and trucks were 829 ± 806 and 498 ± 234 mg kg−1 fuel, respectively, which are comparable with other studies. However, EFPM was significantly affected by fuel quality, operating modes and emission standards. High correlation (R2 = 0.79, p 

Effects of vehicle type and fuel quality on real world toxic emissions from diesel vehicles

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (21) ◽  
pp. 5291-5303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Nelson ◽  
Anne R. Tibbett ◽  
Stuart J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Toxic Emissions

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Climate-Risk and Extreme Event-Related Impacts on Well-Being and Health: Policy Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Leal Filho ◽  
Abul Al-Amin ◽  
Gustavo Nagy ◽  
Ulisses Azeiteiro ◽  
Laura Wiesböck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mental Problems

There are various climate risks that are caused or influenced by climate change. They are known to have a wide range of physical, economic, environmental and social impacts. Apart from damages to the physical environment, many climate risks (climate variability, extreme events and climate-related hazards) are associated with a variety of impacts on human well-being, health, and life-supporting systems. These vary from boosting the proliferation of vectors of diseases (e.g., mosquitos), to mental problems triggered by damage to properties and infrastructure. There is a great variety of literature about the strong links between climate change and health, while there is relatively less literature that specifically examines the health impacts of climate risks and extreme events. This paper is an attempt to address this knowledge gap, by compiling eight examples from a set of industrialised and developing countries, where such interactions are described. The policy implications of these phenomena and the lessons learned from the examples provided are summarised. Some suggestions as to how to avert the potential and real health impacts of climate risks are made, hence assisting efforts to adapt to a problem whose impacts affect millions of people around the world. All the examples studied show some degree of vulnerability to climate risks regardless of their socioeconomic status and need to increase resilience against extreme events.

Part-Load Operation of Gas Turbines Induced by Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass in an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ravelli
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Inlet Guide Vane ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ◽  
Part Load ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integrated Gasification

Abstract This study takes inspiration from a previous work focused on the simulations of the Willem-Alexander Centrale (WAC) power plant located in Buggenum (the Netherlands), based on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, under both design and off-design conditions. These latter included co-gasification of coal and biomass, in proportions of 30:70, in three different fuel mixtures. Any drop in the energy content of the coal/biomass blend, with respect to 100% coal, translated into a reduction in gas turbine (GT) firing temperature and load, according to the guidelines of WAC testing. Since the model was found to be accurate in comparison with operational data, here attention is drawn to the GT behavior. Hence part load strategies, such as fuel-only turbine inlet temperature (TIT) control and inlet guide vane (IGV) control, were investigated with the aim of maximizing the net electric efficiency (ηel) of the whole plant. This was done for different GT models from leading manufactures on a comparable size, in the range between 190–200 MW. The influence of fuel quality on overall ηel was discussed for three binary blends, over a wide range of lower heating value (LHV), while ensuring a concentration of H2 in the syngas below the limit of 30 vol%. IGV control was found to deliver the highest IGCC ηel combined with the lowest CO2 emission intensity, when compared not only to TIT control but also to turbine exhaust temperature control, which matches the spec for the selected GT engine. Thermoflex® was used to compute mass and energy balances in a steady environment thus neglecting dynamic aspects.

scholarly journals Possibilities and limits for using the gut microbiome to improve captive animal health

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Diaz ◽  
Aspen T. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Health ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Captive Animal

AbstractBecause of its potential to modulate host health, the gut microbiome of captive animals has become an increasingly important area of research. In this paper, we review the current literature comparing the gut microbiomes of wild and captive animals, as well as experiments tracking the microbiome when animals are moved between wild and captive environments. As a whole, these studies report highly idiosyncratic results with significant differences in the effect of captivity on the gut microbiome between host species. While a few studies have analyzed the functional capacity of captive microbiomes, there has been little research directly addressing the health consequences of captive microbiomes. Therefore, the current body of literature cannot broadly answer what costs, if any, arise from having a captive microbiome in captivity. Addressing this outstanding question will be critical to determining whether it is worth pursuing microbial manipulations as a conservation tool. To stimulate the next wave of research which can tie the captive microbiome to functional and health impacts, we outline a wide range of tools that can be used to manipulate the microbiome in captivity and suggest a variety of methods for measuring the impact of such manipulation preceding therapeutic use. Altogether, we caution researchers against generalizing results between host species given the variability in gut community responses to captivity and highlight the need to understand what role the gut microbiome plays in captive animal health before putting microbiome manipulations broadly into practice.

Occurrence and Significance of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Southern Africa

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Scott
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Toxic Species ◽  
Toxic Cyanobacteria ◽  
Cyanobacterial Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Toxic Blooms ◽  
Different Parts

A comprehensive list is provided of more than forty cyanobacterial species and genera reported to have toxic properties. In South Africa the majority of animal poisonings since 1927 have been caused by a single species Microcystis aeruginosa. Although other toxic species also occur in southern Africa, to date they have been of little practical significance. The widespread distribution of M. aeruginosa throughout southern Africa indicates a tremendous potential for toxic blooms to develop with increasing eutrophication. Using HPLC techniques up to six different toxin variants have been quantified in natural blooms of M. aeruginosa collected in different parts of South Africa. The amounts and proportions of the different toxins in the different samples varied over a wide range. Several additional unidentified toxins were detected.

scholarly journals Carcinogens and DNA damage

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1213-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Barnes ◽  
Maria Zubair ◽  
Kaarthik John ◽  
Miriam C. Poirier ◽  
Francis L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Cancer Risk ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Exogenous Agents ◽  
Cross Links

Humans are variously and continuously exposed to a wide range of different DNA-damaging agents, some of which are classed as carcinogens. DNA damage can arise from exposure to exogenous agents, but damage from endogenous processes is probably far more prevalent. That said, epidemiological studies of migrant populations from regions of low cancer risk to high cancer risk countries point to a role for environmental and/or lifestyle factors playing a pivotal part in cancer aetiology. One might reasonably surmise from this that carcinogens found in our environment or diet are culpable. Exposure to carcinogens is associated with various forms of DNA damage such as single-stand breaks, double-strand breaks, covalently bound chemical DNA adducts, oxidative-induced lesions and DNA–DNA or DNA–protein cross-links. This review predominantly concentrates on DNA damage induced by the following carcinogens: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic aromatic amines, mycotoxins, ultraviolet light, ionising radiation, aristolochic acid, nitrosamines and particulate matter. Additionally, we allude to some of the cancer types where there is molecular epidemiological evidence that these agents are aetiological risk factors. The complex role that carcinogens play in the pathophysiology of cancer development remains obscure, but DNA damage remains pivotal to this process.

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