Research note: Deposition patterns of cellulose microfibrils in flange wall ingrowths of transfer cells indicate clear parallels with those of secondary wall thickenings

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Talbot ◽  
Geoffrey Wasteneys ◽  
David W. McCurdy ◽  
Christina E. Offler
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Immunofluorescence Labelling ◽  
Parallel Arrays

The arrangement of cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules in transfer cells depositing flange wall ingrowths have been determined with field emission scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In xylem transfer cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum) stem nodes and transfer cells of corn (Zea mays) endosperm tissue, cellulose microfibrils were aligned in parallel bundles to form the linear wall ingrowths characteristic of flange ingrowth morphology. In both cell types, linear bundles of cellulose microfibrils were deposited over an underlying wall composed of randomly arranged microfibrils. Acid extraction of wheat xylem transfer cells established that flange ingrowths were composed of crystalline cellulose. Immunofluorescence labelling of microtubules in wheat xylem transfer cells showed that bundles of microtubules were positioned directly below and parallel with developing flange ingrowths, whereas more mature ingrowths were flanked by bundles of microtubules. These results show that the parallel organisation of cellulose microfibrils in flange wall ingrowths is similar to those in secondary wall thickenings in xylem elements, and that deposition of these structures in transfer cells is also likely to involve bundling of parallel arrays of microtubules. Our observations are discussed in terms of the possible role of microtubules in building flange-type wall ingrowths and the consequences in terms of predicted mechanisms required to build the fundamentally different reticulate-type wall ingrowths.

Fine structure during ontogeny of xylem transfer cells in the rhizome of Hieracium floribundum

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Yeung ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Large Vacuole ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Thickened Wall

A number of cytological changes occur in rhizome transfer cells with age, the most striking being the appearance of microbodies each with a crystalline nucleoid and the presence of unusual plastids. Plastids in older transfer cells develop one or more electron-translucent regions and lack a defined thylakoid system. The number and size of vacuoles increases until ultimately one large vacuole is formed in old transfer cells. Accompanying these cytological changes in the cytoplasm the wall ingrowths change from being highly involuted and reaching a considerable distance into the cytoplasm of the cell to becoming thicker and less numerous, and finally form a rather uniformly thickened wall layer. The orientation of microfibrils in the thickened cell wall, resulting from the joining of the original wall projections adjacent to the tracheary elements, is random, while the wall thickenings away from the tracheary elements have more orderly arrangements of cellulose microfibrils.

scholarly journals Asymmetric wall ingrowth deposition in Arabidopsis phloem parenchyma transfer cells is tightly associated with sieve elements

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Wei ◽  
Yuan Huang ◽  
David A Collings ◽  
David W McCurdy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Companion Cell ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Wall Ingrowth ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Different Cell Types

In Arabidopsis, polarized deposition of wall ingrowths in phloem parenchyma (PP) transfer cells (TCs) occurs adjacent to cells of the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. However, the spatial relationships between these different cell types in minor veins, where phloem loading occurs, are poorly understood. PP TC development and wall ingrowth localization were compared to other phloem cells in leaves of Col-0 and the transgenic lines AtSUC2::AtSTP9-GFP and AtSWEET11::AtSWEET11-GFP that identify CCs and PP respectively. The development of PP TCs in minor veins, indicated by deposition of wall ingrowths, proceeded basipetally in leaves. However, not all PP develop ingrowths and higher levels of wall ingrowth deposition occur in abaxial- compared to adaxial-positioned PP TCs. Furthermore, the deposition of wall ingrowths was exclusively initiated on and preferentially covered the PP TC/SE interface, rather than the PP TC/CC interface, and only occurred in PP cells that were adjacent to SEs. Collectively, these results demonstrate the dominant impact of SEs on wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs and suggest the existence of two sub-types of PP cells in leaf minor veins. Compared to PP cells, PP TCs showed more abundant accumulation of AtSWEET11-GFP, indicating functional differences in phloem loading between PP and PP TCs.

Ontogeny of phloem transfer cells in Hieracium floribundum

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (23) ◽  
pp. 2745-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
E. C. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Wall Ingrowth ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambium Activity

The primary phloem system in the rhizome of Hieracium floribundum has transfer cells that have developed from companion cells and parenchyma cells, which are adjacent to sieve elements. In both cell types changes occur in the cytoplasmic organelles at the time of wall ingrowth formation. Dicytosomes and polyribosomes become more numerous and 'boundary formations' and other multivesiculated structures appear. Few microtubules were found in the cytoplasm at this time. After the wall ingrowths become obvious, the transfer cells develop numerous mitochondria and an enlarged nucleus. The phloem transfer cells become vacuolated with age and the wall ingrowths become less numerous. This may be associated with a change in the translocation pattern in the phloem after the inception of vascular cambium activity. Parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem usually become rather vacuolated and develop few wall ingrowths.

Thin-section, freeze-fracture, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis studies of the protein bodies of tomato seeds

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Spitzer ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis

Protein bodies of dry seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) from radicle, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and endosperm tissue were extensively studied using thin-sectioning, freeze-fracturing and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Protein bodies varied in size, were oval to circular in section, and generally consisted of a proteinaceous matrix, globoid crystal, and protein crystalloid components. Size, shape, and arrangements of globoid crystals and protein crystalloids varied even within the same cell. Globoid crystals were generally oval to circular in section. They were always surrounded by a proteinaceous matrix. In a given protein body the number present ranged from a few to numerous. A protein body generally contained only one protein crystalloid. In section, protein crystalloids were irregular or angular in shape. They were composed of substructural particles which formed lattice planes. EDX analysis of tomato seed globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in all cases, a fact that is consistent with globoid crystals being phytin-rich. Rarely, small amounts of calcium were found along with P, K, and Mg in globoid crystals of each of the tissue regions considered. The distribution pattern of cells with Ca containing globoid crystals was random. Small amounts of Fe and Mn were also found in the globoid crystals of protein bodies from certain cell types. These two elements, unlike calcium, were specific in terms of their distribution. Globoid crystals from the protodermal cells often contained Mn and Fe. The globoid crystals from provascular tissue of radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledon regions often contained Fe while globoid crystals in the first layer of large cells surrounding these provascular areas always contained Fe. Results from EDX analysis of the proteinaceous material from the protein bodies are presented and discussed as are variations in elemental content due to different fixations.

Review — The Orientation of Cellulose Microfibrils in the cell walls of Tracheids in Conifers

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Abe ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Predominant Orientation ◽  
Scanning Electron

We examined the orientation of cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) in the cell walls of tracheids in some conifer species by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and developed a model on the basis of our observations. Mfs depositing on the primary walls in differentiating tracheids were not well-ordered. The predominant orientation of the Mfs changed from longitudinal to transverse, as the differentiation of tracheids proceeded. The first Mfs to be deposited in the outer layer of the secondary wall (S1 layer) were arranged as an S-helix. Then the orientation of Mfs changed gradually, with rotation in the clockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side of tracheids, from the outermost to the innermost S1 layer. Mfs in the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2 layer) were oriented in a steep Z-helix with a deviation of less than 15° within the layer. The orientation of Mfs in the inner layer of the secondary wall (S3 layer) changed, with rotation in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side, from the outermost to the innermost S3 layer. The angle of orientation of Mfs that were deposited on the innermost S3 layer varied among tracheids from 40° in a Z-helix to 20° in an S-helix.

A TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation-reduction method to probe surface and anhydrous crystalline-core domains of cellulose microfibril bundles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanîa M. Shiga ◽  
Haibing Yang ◽  
Bryan W. Penning ◽  
Anna T. Olek ◽  
Maureen C. McCann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Crystalline Core ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

Abstract A modified TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of the solvent-exposed glucosyl units of cellulose to uronic acids, followed by carboxyl reduction with NaBD 4 to 6-deutero- and 6,6-dideuteroglucosyl units, provided a robust method for determining relative proportions of disordered amorphous, ordered surface chains, and anhydrous core-crystalline residues of cellulose microfibrils inaccessible to TEMPO. Both glucosyl residues of cellobiose units, digested from amorphous chains of cellulose with a combination of cellulase and cellobiohydrolase, were deuterated, whereas those from anhydrous chains were undeuterated. By contrast, solvent-exposed and anhydrous residues alternate in surface chains, so only one of the two residues of cellobiosyl units was labeled. Although current estimates indicate that each cellulose microfibril comprises only 18 to 24 (1 , 4)- b eta-D-glucan chains, we show here that microfibrils of walls of Arabidopsis leaves and maize coleoptiles, and those of secondary wall cellulose of cotton fibers and poplar wood, bundle into much larger macrofibrils, with 67 to 86% of the glucan chains in the anhydrous domain. These results indicate extensive bundling of microfibrils into macrofibrils occurs during both primary and secondary wall formation. We discuss how, beyond lignin, the degree of bundling into macrofibrils contributes an additional recalcitrance factor to lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic or chemical catalytic conversion to biofuel substrates.

The Level of Wall Ingrowths Protrusion in Transfer Cells is a Function of the Sink/Source State of the Leaf

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
O.E. Ade-Ademil ◽  
C.E.J. Botha
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Source State

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2982-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Xin ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Yunzhen Zheng ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Sai Venkatesh Pingali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Assembly ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

Abstract Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.

Cell wall ultrastructure of palm leaf fibers

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengcheng Zhai ◽  
Yoshiki Horikawa ◽  
Tomoya Imai ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Palm Leaf

The cell wall organization of leaf sheath fibers in different palm species was studied with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The secondary wall of the fibers consisted of only two layers, S1 and S2. The thickness of the S1 layer in leaf sheath fibers from the different palm species ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 μm, with a mean value of 0.57 μm, which was thicker than that of tracheids and fibers in secondary xylem of conifers and dicotyledons. The thickness of the S2 layer ranged from 0.44 to 3.43 μm, with a mean value of 1.86 μm. The ratio of S1 thickness to the whole cell wall thickness in palm fibers appears to be higher than in secondary xylem fibers and tracheids. The lignin in the fiber walls is very electron dense which makes it difficult to obtain high contrast of the different layers in the secondary wall. To clarify the cell wall layering with cellulose microfibrils in different orientations, the fibrovascular bundles of the windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) were delignified with different reaction time intervals. The treated fibers were surveyed using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and TEM. The secondary fiber walls of windmill palm clearly showed only two layers at different reaction intervals with different lignin contents, even after almost all lignin was removed. We suggest that the two-layered structure in the secondary wall of palm leaf fibers, which presumably also applies to the homologous fibers in palm stems, is a specific character different from the fibers in other monocotyledons (such as bamboo and rattan) and dicot wood.

The fine structure of the pits of Eucalyptus regnans (F. Muell.) and their relation to the movement of liquids into the wood

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Observstion in the electron microscope of carbon replicas of the pits of vessels, ray parenchyma cells, fibres, and tracheids of Eucalyptus regnans has shown the detailed structure of the pit borders and the pit closing membranes. In all cases in the mature wood the primary wall is left apparently without modification as the pit membrane. Unlike the borders of the pits of fibre tracheids and tracheids, the pit borders of the vessels are not separate; the cellulose microfibrils of a border may be common to several pits. The pit borders of fibre traoheids and tracheids are developed as separate entities and have a structure similar to the pit borders of softwood tracheids. The structure of the secondary wall layers associated with the pits is described and related to the structure of the pits. The fine structural features of the pits, especially of the pit closing membranes, are discussed in relation to the movement of liquids into wood.

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