Rutin, a flavonoid with antioxidant activity, improves plant salinity tolerance by regulating K+ retention and Na+ exclusion from leaf mesophyll in quinoa and broad beans

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebatollah Ismail ◽  
Jelena Dragišic Maksimovic ◽  
Vuk Maksimovic ◽  
Lana Shabala ◽  
Branka D. Živanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Potassium Retention ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The causal relationship between salinity and oxidative stress tolerance is well established, but specific downstream targets and the role of specific antioxidant compounds in controlling cellular ionic homeostasis remains elusive. In this work, we have compared antioxidant profiles of leaves of two quinoa genotypes contrasting in their salt tolerance, with the aim of understanding the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in salinity stress tolerance. Only changes in superoxide dismutase activity were correlated with plant adaptive responses to salinity. Proline accumulation played no major role in either osmotic adjustment or in the tissue tolerance mechanism. Among other non-enzymatic antioxidants, rutin levels were increased by over 25 fold in quinoa leaves. Exogenous application of rutin to glycophyte bean leaves improved tissue tolerance and reduced detrimental effects of salinity on leaf photochemistry. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that these beneficial effects were attributed to improved potassium retention and increased rate of Na+ pumping from the cell. The lack of correlation between rutin-induced changes in K+ and H+ fluxes suggest that rutin accumulation in the cytosol scavenges hydroxyl radical formed in response to salinity treatment thus preventing K+ leak via one of ROS-activated K+ efflux pathways, rather than controlling K+ flux via voltage-gated K+-permeable channels.

scholarly journals Dietary Melatonin Supplementation Could Be a Promising Preventing/Therapeutic Approach for a Variety of Liver Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Bonomini ◽  
Elisa Borsani ◽  
Gaia Favero ◽  
Luigi Rodella ◽  
Rita Rezzani
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

In the therapeutic strategies, the role of diet is a well-established factor that can also have an important role in liver diseases. Melatonin, identified in animals, has many antioxidant properties and it was after discovered also in plants, named phytomelatonin. These substances have a positive effect during aging and in pathological conditions too. In particular, it is important to underline that the amount of melatonin produced by pineal gland in human decreases during lifetime and its reduction in blood could be related to pathological conditions in which mitochondria and oxidative stress play a pivotal role. Moreover, it has been indicated that melatonin/phytomelatonin containing foods may provide dietary melatonin, so their ingestion through balanced diets could be sufficient to confer health benefits. In this review, the classification of liver diseases and an overview of the most important aspects of melatonin/phytomelatonin, concerning the differences among their synthesis, their presence in foods and their role in health and diseases, are summarized. The findings suggest that melatonin/phytomelatonin supplementation with diet should be considered important in preventing different disease settings, in particular in liver. Currently, more studies are needed to strengthen the potential beneficial effects of melatonin/phytomelatonin in liver diseases and to better clarify the molecular mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Opportunities for Pharmacological Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Teresa Cunha-Oliveira ◽  
Liliana Montezinho ◽  
Catarina Mendes ◽  
Omidreza Firuzi ◽  
Luciano Saso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease or Charcot disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons (MNs) and leads to death within 2–5 years of diagnosis, without any effective therapy available. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to ALS are still unknown, a wealth of evidence indicates that an excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with an inefficient antioxidant defense represents an important pathological feature in ALS. Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the loss of MNs and in mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing decisively to neurodegeneration in ALS. Although the modulation of OS represents a promising approach to protect MNs from degeneration, the fact that several antioxidants with beneficial effects in animal models failed to show any therapeutic benefit in patients raises several questions that should be analyzed. Using specific queries for literature search on PubMed, we review here the role of OS-related mechanisms in ALS, including the involvement of altered mitochondrial function with repercussions in neurodegeneration. We also describe antioxidant compounds that have been mostly tested in preclinical and clinical trials of ALS, also describing their respective mechanisms of action. While the description of OS mechanism in the different mutations identified in ALS has as principal objective to clarify the contribution of OS in ALS, the description of positive and negative outcomes for each antioxidant is aimed at paving the way for novel opportunities for intervention. In conclusion, although antioxidant strategies represent a very promising approach to slow the progression of the disease, it is of utmost need to invest on the characterization of OS profiles representative of each subtype of patient, in order to develop personalized therapies, allowing to understand the characteristics of antioxidants that have beneficial effects on different subtypes of patients.

scholarly journals Role of Polyphenols and Other Phytochemicals on Molecular Signaling

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapna Upadhyay ◽  
Madhulika Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Profound Knowledge ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Voltage Gated Ion Channels ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Significant Attention

Optimized nutrition through supplementation of diet with plant derived phytochemicals has attracted significant attention to prevent the onset of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular impairments, cancer, and metabolic disorder. These phytonutrients alone or in combination with others are believed to impart beneficial effects and play pivotal role in metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Epidemiological and preclinical studies demonstrated that fruits, vegetables, and beverages rich in carotenoids, isoflavones, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols delay the onset of atherosclerosis or act as a chemoprotective agent by interacting with the underlying pathomechanisms. Phytochemicals exert their beneficial effects either by reducing the circulating levels of cholesterol or by inhibiting lipid oxidation, while others exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activities. Additionally, they reduce neointimal thickening by inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells and also improve endothelium dependent vasorelaxation by modulating bioavailability of nitric-oxide and voltage-gated ion channels. However, detailed and profound knowledge on specific molecular targets of each phytochemical is very important to ensure safe use of these active compounds as a therapeutic agent. Thus, this paper reviews the active antioxidative, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, or antiangiogenesis role of various phytochemicals for prevention of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Regulation of Arabidopsis Glutamate Decarboxylase in Response to Heat Stress: Modulation of Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Locy ◽  
Hillel Fromm ◽  
Joe H. Cherry ◽  
Narendra K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Glutamate Decarboxylase ◽  
Gaba Accumulation ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Gad Activity ◽  
Knockout Mutation

Most plants accumulate the nonprotein amino acid, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in response to heat stress. GABA is made from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that has been shown by the Israeli PI to be a calmodulin (CaM) binding protein whose activity is regulated in vitro by calcium and CaM. In Arabidopsis there are at least 5 GAD genes, two isoforms of GAD, GAD1 and GAD2, are known to be expressed, both of which appear to be calmodulin-binding proteins. The role of GABA accumulation in stress tolerance remains unclear, and thus the objectives of the proposed work are intended to clarify the possible roles of GABA in stress tolerance by studying the factors which regulate the activity of GAD in vivo. Our intent was to demonstrate the factors that mediate the expression of GAD activity by analyzing the promoters of the GAD1 and GAD2 genes, to determine the role of stress induced calcium signaling in the regulation of GAD activity, to investigate the role of phosphorylation of the CaM-binding domain in the regulation of GAD activity, and to investigate whether ABA signaling could be involved in GAD regulation via the following set of original Project Objectives: 1. Construction of chimeric GAD1 and GAD2 promoter/reporter gene fusions and their utilization for determining cell-specific expression of GAD genes in Arabidopsis. 2. Utilizing transgenic plants harboring chimeric GAD1 promoter-luciferase constructs for isolating mutants in genes controlling GAD1 gene activation in response to heat shock. 3. Assess the role of Ca2+/CaM in the regulation of GAD activity in vivo in Arabidopsis. 4. Study the possible phosphorylation of GAD as a means of regulation of GAD activity. 5. Utilize ABA mutants of Arabidopsis to assess the involvement of this phytohormone in GAD activation by stress stimuli. The major conclusions of Objective 1 was that GAD1 was strongly expressed in the elongating region of the root, while GAD2 was mainly expressed along the phloem in both roots and shoots. In addition, GAD activity was found not to be transcriptionally regulated in response to heat stress. Subsequently, The Israeli side obtained a GAD1 knockout mutation, and in light of the objective 1 results it was determined that characterization of this knockout mutation would contribute more to the project than the proposed Objective 2. The major conclusion of Objective 3 is that heat-stress-induced changes in GAD activity can be explained by heat-stress-induced changes in cytosolic calcium levels. No evidence that GAD activity was transcriptionally or translationally regulated or that protein phosphorylation was involved in GAD regulation (objective 4) was obtained. Previously published data by others showing that in wheat roots ABA regulated GABA accumulation proved not to be the case in Arabidopsis (Objective 5). Consequently, we put the remaining effort in the project into the selection of mutants related to temperature adaptation and GABA utilization and attempting to characterize events resulting from GABA accumulation. A set of 3 heat sensitive mutants that appear to have GABA related mutations have been isolated and partially characterized, and a study linking GABA accumulation to growth stimulation and altered nitrate assimilation were conducted. By providing a better understanding of how GAD activity was and was not regulated in vivo, we have ruled out the use of certain genes for genetically engineering thermotolerance, and suggested other areas of endeavor related to the thrust of the project that may be more likely approaches to genetically engineering thermotolerance.

The effect of chalcones on the main sources of reactive species production: possible therapeutic implications in diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelaide Sousa ◽  
Daniela Ribeiro ◽  
Eduarda Fernandes ◽  
Marisa Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Species Production ◽  
Sar Analysis ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are several factors such as hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress (OS), namely the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), that actively contribute to the development and worsening of DM. Chalcones, also termed as benzalacetophenone or benzylidene acetophenone, present a 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one scaffold that has been shown to be highly promising in the development of new antioxidant compounds. Considering the potential interest of antioxidant therapy, the present review scrutinizes the role of the main sources of ROS/RNS production during DM. The modulatory effect of chalcones against nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial respiratory chain and nitric oxide synthase, is also thoroughly discussed, establishing, whenever possible, a structure-activity relationship (SAR). From the SAR analysis, it can be stated that the presence of catechol groups, hydroxyl and methoxyl substituents in the chalcones scaffold improves their modulatory activity against the main sources of ROS/RNS production in DM.

scholarly journals Protective role of lycopene on cisplatin-induced changes in sperm characteristics, testicular damage and oxidative stress in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ateşşahin ◽  
İzzet Karahan ◽  
Gaffari Türk ◽  
Seyfettin Gür ◽  
Seval Yılmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Testicular Damage ◽  
Sperm Characteristics ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Oxidative Stress
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