scholarly journals Fusarium: a ubiquitous fungus of global significance

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
LW Burgess ◽  
WL Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium is one of the most economically important genera of fungal plant pathogens, causing significant crop losses and contamination of grain by mycotoxins on a global basis. Some species also cause infections (mycoses) of humans and other animals. Fusarium includes many species, a significant number of which cause a wide range of plant diseases that affect many crops including major food and fibre crops such as wheat, barley, maize, bananas and cotton, often with devastating socio-economic impact. The diseases are often insidious and extremely difficult to control. Its success as a plant pathogen can be attributed to wide host ranges, endophytic infection, and varied modes of survival and dispersal. Representatives occur in virtually all bioclimatic regions of the world in agricultural and natural ecosystems. In this article we present a summary of the key aspects of the biology and morphology of Fusarium and then briefly discuss several plant diseases to illustrate the diverse nature and devastating effects of these fungi, their mycotoxins, the impact of no-till farming systems on disease incidence, and the poorly understood but key role of endophytic colonisation in the disease cycle. Inevitably, the coverage is selective but it indicates the potential global impact of this fungal genus on plant disease and food security.

scholarly journals Microbiomes and Pathogen Survival in Crop Residues, an Ecotone Between Plant and Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie Kerdraon ◽  
Valérie Laval ◽  
Frédéric Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

The negative contribution of crop residues as a source of inoculum for plant diseases is well established. However, microbial ecologists have long reported positive effects of residues on the stability of agrosystems and conservation tillage practices have become increasingly widespread. Most studies have suggested that large microbial communities should be taken into account in plant disease management, but we know little about their ecological interaction with pathogens in the crop residue compartment. This review focuses on microbiomes associated with residues within the context of other microbial habitats in cereal-producing agroecosystems such as phyllosphere or rhizosphere. We connected residue microbiome with the survival of residue-borne fungal plant pathogens, thus combining knowledge in microbial ecology and epidemiology, two disciplines still not sufficiently connected. We provide an overview of the impact of residues on cereal disease epidemics and how dynamic interactions between microbial communities of nonburied residues during their degradation, along with soil and multitude of abiotic factors, can contribute to innovative disease management strategies, including next-generation microbiome-based biocontrol strategies. Starting from the classical but still relevant view of crop residues as a source of pathogen inoculum, we first consider possibilities for limiting the amount of residues on the soil surface to reduce the pathogen pressure. We then describe residues as a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment constituting a key fully fledged microbial ecosystem: in other words, an ecotone which deserves special attention. We focus on microbial communities, the changes in these communities over time and the factors influencing them. Finally, we discuss how the interactions between the microbial communities and the pathogens present on residues could be used: identification of keystone taxa and beneficial assemblages, then preservation of these taxa by adapted agronomic practices or development of synthetic communities, rather than the introduction of a single exogenous biocontrol species designed as a treatment product. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Pomegranate Peel Extracts as Safe Natural Treatments to Control Plant Diseases and Increase the Shelf-Life and Safety of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Imen Belgacem ◽  
Maria G. Li Destri Nicosia ◽  
Sonia Pangallo ◽  
Ahmed Abdelfattah ◽  
Massimo Benuzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Although the Green Revolution was a milestone in agriculture, it was accompanied by intensive use of synthetic pesticides, which has raised serious concerns due to their impact on human and environmental health. This is increasingly stimulating the search for safer and more eco-friendly alternative means to control plant diseases and prevent food spoilage. Among the proposed alternatives, pomegranate peel extracts (PPEs) are very promising because of their high efficacy. In the present review, we discuss the complex mechanisms of action that include direct antimicrobial activity and induction of resistance in treated plant tissues and highlight the importance of PPE composition in determining their activity. The broad spectrum of activity, wide range of application and high efficiency of PPEs against bacterial, fungal and viral plant pathogens suggest a potential market not only restricted to organic production but also integrated farming systems. Considering that PPEs are non-chemical by-products of the pomegranate industry, they are perceived as safe by the public and may be integrated in circular economy strategies. This will likely encourage agro-pharmaceutical industries to develop commercial formulations and speed up the costly process of registration.

scholarly journals Dynamics of transposable elements in recently diverged fungal pathogens: lineage-specific transposable element content and efficiency of genome defenses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Lorrain ◽  
Alice Feurtey ◽  
Mareike Möller ◽  
Janine Haueisen ◽  
Eva Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) impact genome plasticity, architecture, and evolution in fungal plant pathogens. The wide range of TE content observed in fungal genomes reflects diverse efficacy of host-genome defense mechanisms that can counter-balance TE expansion and spread. Closely related species can harbor drastically different TE repertoires. The evolution of fungal effectors, which are crucial determinants of pathogenicity, has been linked to the activity of TEs in pathogen genomes. Here, we describe how TEs have shaped genome evolution of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and four closely related species. We compared de novo TE annotations and repeat-induced point mutation signatures in 26 genomes from the Zymoseptoria species-complex. Then, we assessed the relative insertion ages of TEs using a comparative genomics approach. Finally, we explored the impact of TE insertions on genome architecture and plasticity. The 26 genomes of Zymoseptoria species reflect different TE dynamics with a majority of recent insertions. TEs associate with accessory genome compartments, with chromosomal rearrangements, with gene presence/absence variation, and with effectors in all Zymoseptoria species. We find that the extent of RIP-like signatures varies among Z. tritici genomes compared to genomes of the sister species. The detection of a reduction of RIP-like signatures and TE recent insertions in Z. tritici reflects ongoing but still moderate TE mobility.

scholarly journals Fungal growth is affected by and affects pH and redox potential (Eh) of the growth medium

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bousset ◽  
M. Ermel ◽  
B. Soglonou ◽  
O. Husson
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFungal plant pathogens live in the specific environment of plants. Understanding of the interaction between pathogens and their host plants might open new ways to control plant diseases. Yet, the specificities of the plant environment and its effects on fungal growth are not yet fully explored. Both pH and Eh play a key role during the interaction between the fungus and its host plants, but often studied independently or at different scales. To decipher the interrelation between plant growth and their soil environment, recent theoretical and methodological advances have been made through the joint characterization of the pH and Eh. This opens the prospect to develop similar methods for fungi. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the methods developed for soil could be transposed to fungi. We first worked on artificial media, assessing the impact of fungal growth on the media in cultures. The growth of all 16 species tested significantly altered either Eh, pH or both in agar media. Measuring Eh reveals that even the species not modifying pH can have an impact on the surrounding environment. Reciprocally, altered media were used to characterize sensitivity of fungal growth to both pH and Eh parameters. The response of the six fungi tested to the modified media was quantitative with a decrease in colony diameter. In addition, colony aspect was repeatedly and thoroughly modified. As a first step towards the same studies in conditions matching the natural environment of fungal pathogens, we tested how the measurement can be performed with fungi growing on oilseed rape plants. In infected plant stems, pH and Eh were significantly altered, in opposite directions for L. maculans and S. sclerotiorum. The observed alcalinisation or acidification correlates with canker length. Our series of experiments indicate that the procedure published for Eh and pH in soil can be extended for measurement in agar media and in infected plants. Further, the joint characterization of both parameters opens the way to a more precise understanding of the impact of fungi on their environment, and conversely, of the environment on fungal growth. The availability of methods for measurement opens the prospect to study combinations of stresses, either on agar media or in plants, and get an understanding of the involvement of pH and Eh modifications in these interactions.

scholarly journals Dynamics of transposable elements in recently diverged fungal pathogens: lineage-specific transposable element content and efficiency of genome defences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Lorrain ◽  
Alice Feurtey ◽  
Mareike Möller ◽  
Janine Haueisen ◽  
Eva Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) impact genome plasticity, architecture and evolution in fungal plant pathogens. The wide range of TE content observed in fungal genomes reflects diverse efficacy of host-genome defence mechanisms that can counter-balance TE expansion and spread. Closely related species can harbour drastically different TE repertoires, suggesting variation in the efficacy of genome defences. The evolution of fungal effectors, which are crucial determinants of pathogenicity, has been linked to the activity of TEs in pathogen genomes. Here we describe how TEs have shaped genome evolution of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and four closely related species. We compared de novo TE annotations and Repeat-Induced Point mutation signatures in thirteen genomes from the Zymoseptoria species-complex. Then, we assessed the relative insertion ages of TEs using a comparative genomics approach. Finally, we explored the impact of TE insertions on genome architecture and plasticity. The thirteen genomes of Zymoseptoria species reflect different TE dynamics with a majority of recent insertions. TEs associate with distinct genome compartments in all Zymoseptoria species, including chromosomal rearrangements, genes showing presence/absence variation and effectors. European Z. tritici isolates have reduced signatures of Repeat-Induced Point mutations compared to Iranian isolates and closely related species. Our study supports the hypothesis that ongoing but moderate TE mobility in Zymoseptoria species shapes pathogen genome evolution.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals The carbon source-dependent pattern of antimicrobial activity and gene expression in Pseudomonas donghuensis P482

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Matuszewska ◽  
Tomasz Maciąg ◽  
Magdalena Rajewska ◽  
Aldona Wierzbicka ◽  
Sylwia Jafra
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPseudomonas donghuensis P482 is a tomato rhizosphere isolate with the ability to inhibit growth of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Herein, we analysed the impact of the carbon source on the antibacterial activity of P482 and expression of the selected genes of three genomic regions in the P482 genome. These regions are involved in the synthesis of pyoverdine, 7-hydroxytropolone (7-HT) and an unknown compound (“cluster 17”) and are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of P482. We showed that the P482 mutants, defective in these regions, show variations and contrasting patterns of growth inhibition of the target pathogen under given nutritional conditions (with glucose or glycerol as a carbon source). We also selected and validated the reference genes for gene expression studies in P. donghuensis P482. Amongst ten candidate genes, we found gyrB, rpoD and mrdA the most stably expressed. Using selected reference genes in RT-qPCR, we assessed the expression of the genes of interest under minimal medium conditions with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Glycerol was shown to negatively affect the expression of genes necessary for 7-HT synthesis. The significance of this finding in the light of the role of nutrient (carbon) availability in biological plant protection is discussed.

scholarly journals Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Graphene Oxide and Fungicides against Fusarium Head Blight In Vitro and In Vivo

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2393
Author(s):  
Xiuping Wang ◽  
Fei Peng ◽  
Caihong Cheng ◽  
Lina Chen ◽  
Xuejuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Synergistic Activity

Plant pathogens constantly develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, and this poses great challenges to plant protection. Therefore, there is a pressing need to search for new antimicrobials. The combined use of antimicrobial agents with different antifungal mechanisms has been recognized as a promising approach to manage plant diseases. Graphene oxide (GO) is a newly emerging and highly promising antimicrobial agent against various plant pathogens in agricultural science. In this study, the inhibitory activity of GO combined with fungicides (Mancozeb, Cyproconazol and Difenoconazole) against Fusarium graminearum was investigated in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that the combination of GO and fungicides has significant synergistic inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth, mycelial biomass and spore germination of F. graminearum relative to single fungicides. The magnitude of synergy was found to depend on the ratio of GO and fungicide in the composite. In field tests, GO–fungicides could significantly reduce the disease incidence and disease severity, exhibiting a significantly improved control efficacy on F. graminearum. The strong synergistic activity of GO with existing fungicides demonstrates the great application potential of GO in pest management.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Hillary Righini ◽  
Ornella Francioso ◽  
Michele Di Foggia ◽  
Antera Martel Quintana ◽  
Roberta Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Ft Raman

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospiraplatensis and Hydropuntiacornea against Botrytiscinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.

Art History: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Art

Art history encompasses the study of the history and development of painting, sculpture, and the other visual arts. Art History: A Very Short Introduction considers the issues, debates, and artefacts that make up art history. It explores the emergence of social histories of art and, using a wide range of images, it discusses key aspects of the discipline including how we write about, present, read, and look at art, and the impact this has on our understanding of art history. This second edition includes a new chapter on global art histories, considering how the traditional emphasis on periods and styles in art originated in Western art and can obscure other critical approaches and artwork from non-Western cultures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document