Bacterial tick-associated infections in Australia: current studies and future directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Peter Irwin ◽  
Siobhon Egan ◽  
Telleasha Greay ◽  
Charlotte Oskam
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Boutonneuse Fever ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Shed Light

It may seem perplexing that there is any uncertainty in Australia about the existence of zoonotic tick-associated infections1–3. Outside this country, particularly in the northern hemisphere, tick-borne diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Boutonneuse fever, ehrlichiosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tick-borne encephalitis, have well documented aetiologies, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatments. Why is Australia different and what research is being conducted to address this issue? This article briefly addresses these questions and explains how high-throughput metagenomic analysis has started to shed light on bacterial microbiomes in Australian ticks, providing new data on the presence and distribution of potentially zoonotic microbial taxa.

Assessing the risk of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis after a tick bite in Bavaria, Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 305 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix von Wissmann ◽  
Wolfgang Hautmann ◽  
Andreas Sing ◽  
Cecilia Hizo-Teufel ◽  
Volker Fingerle
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Tick Bite ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

Serological evidence for tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Mongolia

2006 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gernot Walder ◽  
Erdenechimeg Lkhamsuren ◽  
Abmed Shagdar ◽  
Jantsandoo Bataa ◽  
Tsetsegsaikhan Batmunkh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

scholarly journals The regional decline and rise of tick-borne encephalitis incidence do not correlate with Lyme borreliosis, Austria, 2005 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Isabel Santonja ◽  
Heidemarie Holzmann ◽  
Astrid Essl ◽  
Gerold Stanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Alpine Regions ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
Natural Vector ◽  
Hospital Discharge Records ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
National Reference Center ◽  
Shed Light

Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a human pathogen that is expanding its endemic zones in Europe, emerging in previously unaffected regions. In Austria, increasing incidence in alpine regions in the west has been countered by a decline in traditional endemic areas to the east of the country. Aim To shed light on the cause of this disparity, we compared the temporal changes of human TBE incidences in all federal provinces of Austria with those of Lyme borreliosis (LB), which has the same tick vector and rodent reservoir. Methods This comparative analysis was based on the surveillance of hospitalised TBE cases by the National Reference Center for TBE and on the analysis of hospitalised LB cases from hospital discharge records across all of Austria from 2005 to 2018. Results The incidences of the two diseases and their annual fluctuations were not geographically concordant. Neither the decline in TBE in the eastern lowlands nor the increase in western alpine regions is paralleled by similar changes in the incidence of LB. Conclusion The discrepancy between changes in incidence of TBE and LB support the contributions of virus-specific factors beyond the mere availability of tick vectors and/or human outdoor activity, which are a prerequisite for the transmission of both diseases. A better understanding of parameters controlling human pathogenicity and the maintenance of TBE virus in its natural vector−host cycle will generate further insights into the focal nature of TBE and can potentially improve forecasts of TBE risk on smaller regional scales.

scholarly journals Detection of antibodies against agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and human monocytic ehrlichiosis serum from patients from Novosibirsk Region

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
V. A. Rar ◽  
N. V. Fomenko ◽  
O. V. Mel’nikova ◽  
N. Ya. Chernousova
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

Serum samples from patients hospitalized with febrile illnesses occurring after tick bites were investigated for antibodies against agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). Ten from 205 patients were shown to contain HGA-specific antibodies, one patient — HME-specific antibodies, and one patient — both antibodies against agents of HGA and HME. Diagnosis of HGA was serologically and clinically confirmed for four patients. All patients with serologically confirmed HGA were shown to contain also antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato or HME-specific antibodies. Moreover, one patient was shown to be infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Thus, it seems reasonable to analyze patients with confirmed tick-borne encephalitis as well as with febrile illness after tick bites on the infection with HGA and HME.

scholarly journals Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Durga P. Neupane ◽  
Hari P. Dulal ◽  
Jeongmin Song
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Pros And Cons

Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi). Unfortunately, the burden of the disease remains high primarily due to the global spread of various drug-resistant Salmonella strains despite continuous advancement in the field. An accurate diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease. However, enteric fever diagnosis based on clinical presentations is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses that are also prevalent in endemic areas. Current laboratory tests display suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, and no diagnostic methods are available for identifying asymptomatic carriers. Several research programs have employed systemic approaches to identify more specific biomarkers for early detection and asymptomatic carrier detection. This review discusses the pros and cons of currently available diagnostic tests for enteric fever, the advancement of research toward improved diagnostic tests, and the challenges of discovering new ideal biomarkers and tests.

scholarly journals Security Vulnerabilities of SGX and Countermeasures

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Shufan Fei ◽  
Zheng Yan ◽  
Wenxiu Ding ◽  
Haomeng Xie
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
High Security ◽  
Secure Hardware ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Shed Light

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) have been widely used in many security-critical applications. The popularity of TEEs derives from its high security and trustworthiness supported by secure hardware. Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) is one of the most representative TEEs that creates an isolated environment on an untrusted operating system, thus providing run-time protection for the execution of security-critical code and data. However, Intel SGX is far from the acme of perfection. It has become a target of various attacks due to its security vulnerabilities. Researchers and practitioners have paid attention to the security vulnerabilities of SGX and investigated optimization solutions in real applications. Unfortunately, existing literature lacks a thorough review of security vulnerabilities of SGX and their countermeasures. In this article, we fill this gap. Specifically, we propose two sets of criteria for estimating security risks of existing attacks and evaluating defense effects brought by attack countermeasures. Furthermore, we propose a taxonomy of SGX security vulnerabilities and shed light on corresponding attack vectors. After that, we review published attacks and existing countermeasures, as well as evaluate them by employing our proposed criteria. At last, on the strength of our survey, we propose some open challenges and future directions in the research of SGX security.

scholarly journals Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements and Future Directions

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Ban Qi Tay ◽  
Quentin Wright ◽  
Rahul Ladwa ◽  
Christopher Perry ◽  
Graham Leggatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Tumour Antigens ◽  
Target Characteristics ◽  
Toxic Responses ◽  
Shed Light

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

scholarly journals Quo Vadis Advanced Prostate Cancer Therapy? Novel Treatment Perspectives and Possible Future Directions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2228
Author(s):  
Jana Kvízová ◽  
Vladimíra Pavlíčková ◽  
Eva Kmoníčková ◽  
Tomáš Ruml ◽  
Silvie Rimpelová
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Advanced Prostate Cancer ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Prostate Cancer Therapy ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Antiandrogen Therapy

Prostate cancer is a very common disease, which is, unfortunately, often the cause of many male deaths. This is underlined by the fact that the early stages of prostate cancer are often asymptomatic. Therefore, the disease is usually detected and diagnosed at late advanced or even metastasized stages, which are already difficult to treat. Hence, it is important to pursue research and development not only in terms of novel diagnostic methods but also of therapeutic ones, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the treatment by combinational medicinal approach. Therefore, in this review article, we focus on recent approaches and novel potential tools for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer; these include not only androgen deprivation therapy, antiandrogen therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, multimodal therapy, but also poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Akt and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

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