Scale-dependent relationships between benthic habitat characteristics and abundances of blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth M. A. Strain ◽  
Craig R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Sessile Invertebrates ◽  
Haliotis Rubra ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biotic Characteristics

Habitat characteristics can influence marine herbivore densities at a range of spatial scales. We examined the relationship between benthic habitat characteristics and adult blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) densities across local scales (0.0625–16 m2), at 2 depths, 4 sites and 2 locations, in Tasmania, Australia. Biotic characteristics that were highly correlated with abalone densities included cover of non-calcareous encrusting red algae (NERA), non-geniculate coralline algae (NCA), a matrix of filamentous algae and sediment, sessile invertebrates, and foliose red algae. The precision of relationships varied with spatial scale. At smaller scales (0.0625–0.25 m2), there was a positive relationship between NERA and ERA, and negative relationships between sediment matrix, sessile invertebrates and abalone densities. At the largest scale (16 m2), there was a positive relationship between NERA and abalone densities. Thus, for some biotic characteristics, the relationship between NERA and abalone densities may be scalable. There was very little variability between depths and sites; however, the optimal spatial scale differed between locations. Our results suggest a dynamic interplay between the behavioural responses of H. rubra to microhabitat and/or to abalone maintaining NERA free of algae, sediment, and sessile invertebrates. This approach could be used to describe the relationship between habitat characteristics and species densities at the optimal spatial scales.

Shells of Patella aspera as ‘islands’ for epibionts

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M. Martins ◽  
João Faria ◽  
Miguel Furtado ◽  
Ana I. Neto
Keyword(s):  
Island Biogeography ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
New Records ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Model System ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
The Relationship

In this study we examined the epibiont assemblage on shells of the living limpet Patella aspera. Limpets were collected at two sites at each of the nine islands of the Azores, totalling 707 individuals examined. Shells were measured and all the epibiota identified to the lowest taxonomic resolution possible. 190 taxa were recorded, of which 97% were algae, including 17 new records for the Azores. Only five shells were devoid of fouling organisms. The assemblage was dominated by a few algal taxa, whereas the majority of species occurred on less than 10% of the shells. A significant and positive relationship was generally found between basibiont size (shell length) and epibiota richness. The strength (slope) of the relationship, however, varied between islands and sites. These results suggest that a range of processes operating at multiple spatial scales influenced epibiont assemblages. Many features identified in these assemblages resemble, in many ways, those examined in island biogeography, suggesting that basibionts may be considered as ‘islands’ and may provide a suitable model system to test ecological hypotheses about ecosystems that are not so amenable to experimentation.

scholarly journals Spatial scale changes the relationship between beta diversity, species richness and latitude

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 181168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachakonda Sreekar ◽  
Masatoshi Katabuchi ◽  
Akihiro Nakamura ◽  
Richard T. Corlett ◽  
J. W. Ferry Slik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Sample Representativeness ◽  
Tree Communities ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between β-diversity and latitude still remains to be a core question in ecology because of the lack of consensus between studies. One hypothesis for the lack of consensus between studies is that spatial scale changes the relationship between latitude and β-diversity. Here, we test this hypothesis using tree data from 15 large-scale forest plots (greater than or equal to 15 ha, diameter at breast height ≥ 1 cm) across a latitudinal gradient (3–30 o ) in the Asia-Pacific region. We found that the observed β-diversity decreased with increasing latitude when sampling local tree communities at small spatial scale (grain size ≤0.1 ha), but the observed β-diversity did not change with latitude when sampling at large spatial scales (greater than or equal to 0.25 ha). Differences in latitudinal β-diversity gradients across spatial scales were caused by pooled species richness (γ-diversity), which influenced observed β-diversity values at small spatial scales, but not at large spatial scales. Therefore, spatial scale changes the relationship between β-diversity, γ-diversity and latitude, and improving sample representativeness avoids the γ-dependence of β-diversity.

The importance of using the proper methodology and spatial scale in the study of habitat selection by birds

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1835-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Pribil ◽  
Jaroslav Picman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Nest-site preferences of birds have traditionally been inferred from correlations between reproductive success and various habitat attributes. Because there are several problems associated with this method, we examined preferences by comparing characteristics of actual nest sites with those of sites available to females at the time of their settlement. We examined these preferences on two spatial scales using the marsh-nesting Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). On the broad spatial scale, univariate analyses established that female settlement was nonrandom with respect to four of five habitat characteristics. However, a multivariate analysis revealed that females settled nonrandomly only with respect to water depth (they preferred areas located in deep water). The other characteristics, including cattail density, were not important. On the narrow spatial scale, females preferred sites located in dense cattail clumps that were surrounded by unusually sparse cattail vegetation. The preference of female redwings for deep-water areas was not detected in an earlier study conducted in the same marsh using the traditional method. In addition, if we were to have examined female preferences on the broad scale only, we would have failed to recognize the importance of cattail density in nest-site selection. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of examining nest-site selection using an appropriate method and multiple spatial scales.

scholarly journals An examination of variability in offender residences across different spatial scales. A case study in Birmingham.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Langton ◽  
Wouter Steenbeek ◽  
Monsuru Adepeju
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

Objectives: This paper disentangles the degree of concentration and variance in offender residences across different levels of spatial aggregation. Three nested units are analysed simultaneously (and longitudinally) to explore the impact of using different spatial scales, opening prospect for a comparison with existing findings from crime concentration literature. Methods: Data is utilized from West Midlands Police Force, containing the locations of residence for all known offenders in Birmingham between the years 2006 and 2016. Resident locations are aggregated to 3223 Output Areas (OA), nested within 639 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOA), further nested within 132 Middle Super Output Areas (MSOA). Descriptive and model-based statistics are deployed to replicate a recent study for crime events (Steenbeek & Weisburd, 2016). Results: In contrast to the crime concentration literature, the results indicate that most variance (~50%) in offender residence concentrations is attributable to the largest spatial scale (MSOA level). Output Areas, as the most fine-grained unit, capture approximately 39% of the variance, although this proportion increases during the study period at the expense of MSOA. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the relationship between variance and scale when studying offender residences is not as clear-cut as it is for crimes. Larger units hold some merit (empirically and theoretically), but this is time-dependent, opening up discussions on the role of urban development in determining the appropriateness of spatial scale.

scholarly journals Impacts of AOD Correction and Spatial Scale on the Correlation between High-Resolution AOD from Gaofen-1 Satellite and In Situ PM2.5 Measurements in Shenzhen City, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Wu ◽  
Jingtian Liang ◽  
Liguo Zhou ◽  
Fei Yao ◽  
Jian Peng
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Shenzhen City ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Relationship

Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is widely used to estimate surface PM2.5 concentrations. Most AOD products have relatively low spatial resolutions (i.e., ≥1 km). Consequently, insufficient research exists on the relationship between high-resolution (i.e., <1 km) AOD and PM2.5 concentrations. Taking Shenzhen City, China as the study area, we derived AOD at the 16-m spatial resolution for the period 2015–2017 based on Gaofen-1 (GF-1) satellite images and the Dark Target (DT) algorithm. Then, we extracted AOD at spatial scales ranging from 40 m to 5000 m and applied vertical and humidity corrections. We analyzed the correlation between AOD and PM2.5 concentrations, and the impacts of AOD correction and spatial scale on the correlation. It was found that the DT-derived GF-1 AOD at different spatial scales had statistically significant correlations with surface PM2.5 concentrations, and the AOD corrections strengthened the correlations. The correlation coefficients (R) between AOD at different spatial scales and PM2.5 concentrations were 0.234–0.329 and 0.340–0.423 before and after AOD corrections, respectively. In spring, summer, autumn, and winter, PM2.5 concentrations had the best correlations with humidity-corrected AOD, uncorrected AOD, vertical and humidity-corrected AOD, and uncorrected AOD, respectively, indicating a distinct seasonal variation of the aerosol characteristics. At spatial scales of 1–5 km, AOD at finer spatial scales generally had higher correlations with PM2.5 concentrations. However, at spatial scales <1 km, the correlations fluctuated irregularly, which could be attributed to scale mismatches between AOD and PM2.5 measurements. Thus, 1 km appears to be the optimum spatial scale for DT-derived AOD to maximize the correlation with PM2.5 concentrations. It is also recommended to aggregate very high-resolution DT-derived AOD to an appropriate medium resolution (e.g., 1 km) before matching them with in situ PM2.5 measurements in regional air pollution studies.

BELONGING AND CONTINUITY: ISRAELI DRUZE AND LEBANON, 1982–2000

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Border Studies ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
South Lebanon ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Of Israel

AbstractThis article analyzes spatial perceptions and practices of Druze citizens of Israel before, during, and after the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 1982−2000. It argues that the opening of the Israel–Lebanon border in 1982 and its closing in 2000 had three effects: it generated internal social, political, and cultural changes within the community in Israel; it changed the relationship of the Druze with the State of Israel; and it reestablished strong ties with their coreligionists in Lebanon and Syria. Drawing insight from the field of border studies, the article shows how Druze citizens of Israel live concomitantly in state and suprastate spatial scales, forming a third, integrated or hybrid, spatial scale. The article proposes using the concept “hybrid spatial scale” as a tool for studying communities such as the Druze that operate on multiple territorial scales.

scholarly journals Scale dependencies and generalism in host use shape virus prevalence

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1869) ◽  
pp. 20172066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McLeish ◽  
Soledad Sacristán ◽  
Aurora Fraile ◽  
Fernando García-Arenal
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The Relationship

Processes that generate the distribution of pathogens and their interactions with hosts are not insensitive to changes in spatial scale. Spatial scales and species traits are often selected intentionally, based on practical considerations, ignoring biases that the scale and type of observation may introduce. Specifically, these biases might change the interpretation of disease–diversity relationships that are reported as either ‘dilution’ or ‘amplification’ effects. Here, we combine field data of a host–pathogen community with empirical models to test the effects that (i) spatial scale and (ii) host range have on the relationship between plant–virus infection prevalence and diversity. We show that prevalence–diversity relationships are scale-dependent and can produce opposite effects associated with different habitats at sub-ecosystem scales. The total number of host species of each virus reflected generalism at the ecosystem scale. However, plasticity in host range resembled habitat-specific specialization and also changed model predictions. We show that habitat heterogeneity, ignored at larger (ecosystem) spatial scales, influences pathogen distributions. Hence, understanding disease distributions and the evolution of pathogens requires reconciling specific hypotheses of the study with an appropriate spatial scale, or scales, and consideration of traits, such as host range, that might strongly contribute to biotic interactions.

scholarly journals Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis Steindachner, 1879) spawning and nursery habitats: spatial-scale partitioning and multiscale relationships with thermohaline descriptors

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Eduardo de Souza Moraes ◽  
Douglas Francisco Marcolino Gherardi ◽  
Mario Katsuragawa ◽  
Eduardo Tavares Paes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
Brazil Current ◽  
Nursery Habitats ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Scale

Abstract de Souza Moraes, L. E., Marcolino Gherardi, D. F., Katsuragawa, M., and Tavares Paes, E. 2012. Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis Steindachner, 1879) spawning and nursery habitats: spatial-scale partitioning and multiscale relationships with thermohaline descriptors. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 939–952. We provide a detailed account of the spatial structure of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) spawning and nursery habitats, using ichthyoplankton data from nine surveys (1976–1993) covering the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). The spatial variability of sardine eggs and larvae was partitioned into predefined spatial-scale classes (broad scale, 200–500 km; medium scale, 50–100 km; and local scale, <50 km). The relationship between density distributions at both developmental stages and environmental descriptors (temperature and salinity) was also explored within these spatial scales. Spatial distributions of sardine eggs were mostly structured on medium and local scales, while larvae were characterized by broad- and medium-scale distributions. Broad- and medium-scale surface temperatures were positively correlated with sardine densities, for both developmental stages. Correlations with salinity were predominantly negative and concentrated on a medium scale. Broad-scale structuring might be explained by mesoscale processes, such as pulsing upwelling events and Brazil Current meandering at the northern portion of the SBB, while medium-scale relationships may be associated with local estuarine outflows. The results indicate that processes favouring vertical stability might regulate the spatial extensions of suitable spawning and nursery habitats for the Brazilian sardine.

scholarly journals The strength of the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship depends on spatial scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1880) ◽  
pp. 20180038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L. Thompson ◽  
Forest Isbell ◽  
Michel Loreau ◽  
Mary I. O'Connor ◽  
Andrew Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Scale Dependence ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

Our understanding of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) applies mainly to fine spatial scales. New research is required if we are to extend this knowledge to broader spatial scales that are relevant for conservation decisions. Here, we use simulations to examine conditions that generate scale dependence of the BEF relationship. We study scale by assessing how the BEF relationship (slope and R 2 ) changes when habitat patches are spatially aggregated. We find three ways for the BEF relationship to be scale-dependent: (i) variation among local patches in local (α) diversity, (ii) spatial variation in the local BEF relationship and (iii) incomplete compositional turnover in species composition among patches. The first two cause the slope of the BEF relationship to increase moderately with spatial scale, reflecting nonlinear averaging of spatial variation in diversity or the BEF relationship. The third mechanism results in much stronger scale dependence, with the BEF relationship increasing in the rising portion of the species area relationship, but then decreasing as it saturates. An analysis of data from the Cedar Creek grassland BEF experiment revealed a positive but saturating slope of the relationship with scale. Overall, our findings suggest that the BEF relationship is likely to be scale dependent.

Relationship of Love, Affect and Wellbeing

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Thiyam Kiran Singh ◽  
Aastha Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Close Friendship ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Love is more than a close friendship. It acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationship. Love is positive in nature and leaves a positive affect on every individual. An individual in love not only feels positive but spreads positivity around. They smile, be kind to other people, behave compassionately with everyone. If the person is happy then he is likely to be psychologically and emotionally healthy. The current study aimed at understanding the relationship between love, affect and wellbeing among young females aged between 20-25 years. The study reported a significant positive relationship between love and positive affect with the significant correlation of 0.29 at 0.05 levels (p<0.05). It was also found a significant positive relationship between love and wellbeing with the significant correlation of 0.58 at 0.01 level (p<0.01). This means that people in love experience positive emotions and healthy wellbeing. The correlation between love and negative affect came out to be insignificant. The correlation turned out to be -0.13. This means that people in love do not experience negative emotions.

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