Factors affecting nestling condition and timing of egg-laying in the endangered Carnaby’s cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus latirostris

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Denis A. Saunders ◽  
Rick Dawson ◽  
Peter R. Mawson ◽  
A. O. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Nestling Condition ◽  
Breeding Failure

Carnaby’s cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus latirostris, is endemic to south-western Australia. It has undergone a major decline in range and abundance as a result of extensive removal of breeding and foraging habitat. It is now classified as endangered by the State of Western Australia, the Australian government, and internationally. In order to plan effective conservation management for the species it is important to assess the success of breeding populations throughout its range. In this paper we examine the efficacy of using the relationship between growth in the length of a nestling’s folded left wing and body mass to assess nestling condition, and examine known breeding failure in relation to nestling condition in two breeding populations: one at Coomallo Creek (studied from 1970–2017), and the other at Manmanning (1969–76). Results demonstrated that the lighter the nestlings, the higher the rate of breeding failure. Data from the Coomallo Creek population were used to prepare a table of nestling folded left wing length and body mass as a benchmark for assessing nestling condition in 10 other breeding populations, based on data collected from 1970 to the present. Following extensive clearing that removed foraging and breeding habitat, two of the 10 populations produced nestlings that were significantly lighter than the benchmark, and both populations subsequently declined to extinction. The commencement of egg-laying each season at Coomallo Creek was strongly influenced by total rainfall in the first half of autumn. The length of the egg-laying period between 1970–76 and 2009–17 increased by 5.2 weeks (40%). This increase was related to changes in rainfall and temperature over more than four decades. Despite the lengthening of the egg-laying period, nestling condition was unaffected, suggesting that, at least in the short term, the Carnaby’s cockatoo population at Coomallo Creek is coping with the effects of climate change.

scholarly journals Factors affecting nest-site selection of Sabine's Gulls in the eastern Canadian Arctic

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1240-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain J Stenhouse ◽  
H Grant Gilchrist ◽  
William A Montevecchi
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrate ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Sabine’S Gull ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of breeding habitat is of prime importance for individual fitness. Among birds, natural selection should favour the ability to recognize and select habitat suitable for nesting and rearing chicks. This study compares the characteristics of Sabine's Gull, Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819), nest sites with random points across a coastal tundra environment on Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada. The availability of terrestrial invertebrate prey was also examined among habitats. Sabine's Gull nests were nonrandomly distributed in relation to vegetation, substrate, and proximity to water. Gulls nested within approximately 1 km of the coastline and selected sites with the greatest proportions of moss and standing water (i.e., they nested close to the edge of small freshwater ponds near shore). However, there were no detectable differences in characteristics between successful and unsuccessful nests within preferred habitat. The dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate prey communities varied between years, but the volume of invertebrates in Sabine's Gull nesting habitat was intermediate between the most productive habitats and the least productive habitats in both years. However, nest-site selection in Sabine's Gulls may also be influenced by the availability of aquatic invertebrates (not examined in this study) and their proximity to the marine coastline, where chicks are taken to be reared.

scholarly journals Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations across seasons and habitat types in Svalbard, Norway

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Llobet ◽  
Heidi Ahonen ◽  
Christian Lydersen ◽  
Jørgen Berge ◽  
Rolf Ims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Erignathus Barbatus ◽  
Bearded Seals

AbstractMale bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) use vocal displays to attract females and to compete with other males during the mating season. This makes it possible to monitor breeding populations of this species using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study analysed year-round acoustic data records from AURAL instruments in Svalbard (Norway) to investigate seasonal variation in the acoustic presence of male bearded seals and the phenology of different call types (long, step and sweep trills) at three sites representing a variety of habitats with varied ice conditions. Male bearded seals vocalized for an extended period at a drift-ice site (Atwain; January–July) north of Spitsbergen, while the vocal season was shorter at a High Arctic land-fast-ice site (Rijpfjorden; February–June) and shorter yet again at a west-coast site that has undergone dramatic reductions in sea ice cover over the last 1.5 decades (Kongsfjorden; April–June). Generalized Additive Models showed marked seasonal segregation in the use of different trill types at Atwain, where call rates reached 400 per h, with long trills being the most numerous call type. Modest segregation of trill types was seen at Rijpfjorden, where call rates reached 300 per h, and no segregation occurred in Kongsfjorden (peak call rate 80 per h). Sea ice cover was available throughout the vocal season at Atwain and Rijpfjorden, while at Kongsfjorden peak vocal activity (May–June) occurred after the sea ice disappeared. Ongoing climate warming and sea ice reductions will likely increase the incidence of such mismatches and reduce breeding habitat for bearded seals.

scholarly journals A study of the factors affecting construction time in Western Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (40) ◽  
pp. 3390-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wong Kenny ◽  
Vimonsatit Vanissorn
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Assessment of Negative Factors Affecting the Intestinal Microbiota in People with Excessive Body Mass Compared to People with Normal Body Mass

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Karolina Osowiecka ◽  
Natalia Pokorna ◽  
Damian Skrypnik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
P Value ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Activity Frequency ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Negative Factors

Rationale: Intestinal microbiota plays a significant role in the human body. A range of negative factors may lead to dysbiosis, which results in many diseases (e.g., cancer) and metabolic disorders. It was shown that people with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 present diminished microbial diversity. Additional negative factors such as stress, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and proton pomp inhibitors (PPI) may result in greater dysbiosis compared to people with normal body mass. The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of negative factors affecting the intestinal microbiota in people with excessive body mass vs. people with normal body mass. Methods: The study involved volunteers aged 18–65 years: 582 people with normal BMI (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) and 538 people with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The study was conducted using the author’s survey by the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method. The survey included the questions on sociodemographic features, level of physical activity, frequency of smoking, and stress. Frequency of NSAID and PPI use was also investigated. BMI was used to assess nutritional status. For statistics the Fisher test was implemented. p-Value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Women predominated in the study (p < 0.0001). People with normal BMI had a significantly higher level of physical activity (p < 0.0001) and smoked less (p = 0.0356). People with excessive body mass were less likely to report illness (p = 0.0004), but more often they took PPI (p = 0.0337). Conclusions: People with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 present more factors which may result in dysbiosis and lead to dysbiosis-related health problems in future compared to people with normal BMI.

Factors affecting body mass index of female individuals at 1 year after delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
NehadAbd El Moneam Mohamed ◽  
NagwaN Hegazy ◽  
SafaaAbd El-Fatah Badr
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Survival of Young Greater Snow Geese (Chen Caerulescens Atlantica) During Fall Migration

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Menu ◽  
Gilles Gauthier ◽  
Austin Reed
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chen Caerulescens ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Snow Geese ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chen Caerulescens Atlantica ◽  
Similar Survival

Abstract The many hazards that await birds along their migratory routes may negatively affect their survival, especially among newly fledged young. We estimated survival of young Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) during fall migration from the High Arctic to temperate areas and examined factors affecting their survival over a five-year period, using two approaches. First, each year (1993–1997), we banded fledglings and adults in mid-August, just before their departure from Bylot Island in the High Arctic (Nunavut, Canada), and again at an important staging area 3,000 km to the south at the Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area (Québec, Canada) in October; recovery data from those two banding periods allowed estimation of survival during fall migration. Second, we visually determined brood size of neck-banded females before and after the main portion of the migratory flight, to estimate survival of young. The two approaches yielded similar survival estimates and showed the same interannual variation, thus suggesting that estimates were reliable. Mortality of young shortly after fledging and during the fall migration was high, compared with that of adults (monthly survival 0.662 in young vs. 0.989 in adults). However, mortality of young after migration was similar to that of adults (monthly survival 0.969 in young vs. 0.972 in adults). Migration survival of young varied considerably among annual cohorts (range of 0.119–0.707 over five years), and most of the mortality appeared to be natural. Survival was especially low in years when (1) temperatures at time of fledging and start of migration were low (i.e. near or below freezing), (2) mean body mass of goslings near fledging was low, or (3) mean fledging date was late. Our results suggest that migration survival of young is affected by a combination of several factors (climatic conditions, body mass, and fledging date) and that survival is reduced when one of those factors intervenes.

scholarly journals Population responses of bird populations to climate change on two continents vary with species’ ecological traits but not with direction of change in climate suitability

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 337-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy R. Mason ◽  
Rhys E. Green ◽  
Christine Howard ◽  
Philip A. Stephens ◽  
Stephen G. Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Population Responses ◽  
Climate Suitability ◽  
Species Responses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Climate change is a major global threat to biodiversity with widespread impacts on ecological communities. Evidence for beneficial impacts on populations is perceived to be stronger and more plentiful than that for negative impacts, but few studies have investigated this apparent disparity, or how ecological factors affect population responses to climatic change. We examined the strength of the relationship between species-specific regional population changes and climate suitability trends (CST), using 30-year datasets of population change for 525 breeding bird species in Europe and the USA. These data indicate a consistent positive relationship between population trend and CST across the two continents. Importantly, we found no evidence that this positive relationship differs between species expected to be negatively and positively impacted across the entire taxonomic group, suggesting that climate change is causing equally strong, quantifiable population increases and declines. Species’ responses to changing climatic suitability varied with ecological traits, however, particularly breeding habitat preference and body mass. Species associated with inland wetlands responded most strongly and consistently to recent climatic change. In Europe, smaller species also appeared to respond more strongly, whilst the relationship with body mass was less clear-cut for North American birds. Overall, our results identify the role of certain traits in modulating responses to climate change and emphasise the importance of long-term data on abundance for detecting large-scale species’ responses to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Egg Deposition of the European Mantis

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Joanna Kajzer-Bonk
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Predatory Insect ◽  
Egg Case ◽  
Potential Tool

In this paper, we studied the egg-case (oothecae) deposition of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus 1758), a predatory insect. We hypothesized that the height of ootheca deposition on a plant reflects the insolation requirements of the species, and would increase when plant cover is denser. We found that the taller the plants nearby, the greater the height of egg deposition. Oothecae were also oviposited higher in denser vegetation. The observed behavior may ensure the proper insolation of developing offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an egg laying strategy of this species under natural conditions. This finding allows for a better understanding of habitat selection and the overall ecology of the European mantis. It may be also useful in identifying the mechanisms of the range extension of this species and is a potential tool to effectively conserve xerothermic ootheca-laying animals. Further studies are required to assess the flexibility of this behavior under different environmental conditions.

Factors Affecting Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Frederick ◽  
John L. Hagy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground

Nine subjects (6 males, 3 females) ranging in body mass from 90.9 to 45.5 kg ran repeated trials across a force platform while being filmed at 50 fps. The subjects ran five barefooted trials at each of three speeds: 3.35, 3.83, and 4.47 m · s−1. Force data were collected on-line and analyzed for the magnitude and temporal characteristics of the initial impact (Fz1) peak and the active (Fz2) peak of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF). Multiple regression and correlation analysis were used to study the relationship between the magnitudes of these kinetic data and kinematic and anthropometric data taken from the film and from measurements of the subjects. The results support the general conclusion that speed and, indirectly, body mass are significant effectors of the magnitudes of Fz1. In addition, other factors that correlate significantly with Fz1 are reciprocal ponderal index (RPI) and stature; half-stride length, step length, leg length, and vertical hip excursion during a half-stride cycle; and hip offset, contact angle, and dorsiflexion angle at contact. Body mass correlates highly with Fz2 (r = 0.95). Other significant factors correlating with Fz2 are RPI, stature, vertical hip excursion, dorsiflexion angle, hip offset, half-stride length, and step length. These data support earlier findings that speed and the effective mass of the leg at contact are important effectors of the magnitude of Fzl. In addition, the kinematic and anthropometric parameters that contribute significantly to the variability in Fzl and F are generally cross-correlated with body size and/or running speed.

Mortality and breeding failure of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, in Victoria, 1995 - 96, following a widespread mortality of pilchard, Sardinops sagax

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dann ◽  
F. I. Norman ◽  
J. M. Cullen ◽  
F. J. Neira ◽  
A. Chiaradia
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
First Year ◽  
Breeding Failure ◽  
Food Species ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism ◽  
Western Victoria

In May 1995, numbers of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, coming ashore declined at Phillip Island and St Kilda concurrently with deaths of many penguins in western Victoria and a massive mortality of one of their food species (pilchard) throughout southern Australia. Among 1926 dead penguins reported were 131 banded birdsrecovered from Phillip Island (86% adults and 14% first-year birds), 26 from Rabbit Island and six from St Kilda. The number of banded penguins found dead per number of adult Phillip Island birds at risk was 2.3% in 1995 compared with an annual mean of 0.7% for 1970–93. Of 29 corpses autopsied, at least 26 died of starvation associated with mild–severe gastro-intestinal parasitism. Following the pilchard mortality, egg-laying by penguins in the subsequent breeding season (1995–96) was ~2 weeks later than the long-term mean and 0.3 chicks were fledged per pair compared with the long-term mean of 1.0. Unlike previous years, few penguins were recorded in Port Phillip Bay in September–October 1995, a period when pilchard schools were infrequently seen. It is concluded that the increase in penguin mortality in northern Bass Strait and the significant reduction in breeding success were associated with the widespread pilchard mortality.

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