Internal Control of Stomatal Physiology and Photosynthesis. I. Stomatal Regulation and Associated Changes in Endogenous Levels of Abscisic and Phaseic Acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Loveys ◽  
PE Kriedemann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Grape Vine ◽  
Endogenous Aba

Both environmental factors and manipulative treatments (such as fruit excision or stem cincturing) were found to alter gaseous diffusion resistances in grape vine foliage. These responses have been analysed in terms of the hormonal physiology of Vitis vinifera L. leaf tissue. Environmental factors such as moisture stress or photoperiod alterations which contributed towards an increase in stomatal resistance (rs) were correlated with increased levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and phaseic acid (PA) in mature foliage. Conversely, treatments which elicited a decrease in rs were associated with lower levels of both ABA and PA. For example, rs had increased from 1.41 to 7.14 s cm-1 7 days after fruit removal and stem cincturing, while ABA and PA levels rose by 50 and 370 % respectively. This increase in endogenous ABA was not a consequence of decreased leaf water potential; moisture status was actually improved after treatment. It is proposed that changes in endogenous levels of ABA, and possibly PA, constitute a mechanism for regulating gas exchange in these perennial plants.

Internal Control of Stomatal Physiology and Photosynthesis. II. Photosynthetic Responses to Phaseic Acid

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Kriedemann ◽  
BR Loveys ◽  
WJS Downton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Carboxylase Activity

Phaseic acid appears to act as a specific inhibitor of photosynthesis in vivo. Such inhibition is probably associated with the 'after-effects' of moisture stress and with other forms of non-stomatal influences on photosynthesis that follow manipulative treatments (leaf excision, fruit removal). This naturally occurring inhibitor was extracted from leaves of Vitis vinifera L. and applied to a variety of material (including vine foliage) under laboratory conditions. Photosynthetic activity of both excised leaves (CO2-H2O exchange; cuvette measurement) and tissue slices (oxygen electrode determinations) was strongly inhibited by buffered solutions at physiological concentrations. Phaseic acid inhibited oxygen evolution by isolated spinach chloroplasts (using ferricyanide as an electron acceptor) but had no effect on spinach leaf ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity. Photosynthetic regulation by phaseic acid might therefore relate to its influence over photosynthetic electron flow and generation of high energy metabolites which foster CO2 fixation.

Abscisic Acid Content and Osmotic Relations of Salt-Stressed Grapevine Leaves

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJS Downton ◽  
BR Loveys
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Abscisic Acid Content ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Reducing Sugar Concentration

Changes in abscisic acid, phaseic acid, stomatal resistance, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, proline, reducing sugars and ion content (Na+, K+, Cl-) in leaves from grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) subjected to 0, 25, 50 or 100 mM NaCl (osmotic potentials of 0, - 0.1, - 0.2 and - 0.4 MPa, respectively) were monitored over a 3-week period. Abscisic acid concentration increased within 6 h for the 50 and 100 mM NaCl-treated vines. Proline did not accumulate until the next day for the 100 mM NaCl-treated plants and continued to accumulate for the duration of the experiment. Phaseic acid showed kinetics consistent with its being derived from abscisic acid. Stomatal resistance to water vapour exchange increased in the salt-treated plants over the course of the experiment despite a decline in abscisic acid concentration after the initial upsurge. Reducing sugar concentration showed an early upsurge, its contribution to osmotic readjustment being at least equal to that of accumulated Na+, K+ and Cl- the day after stress began. Potassium was preferentially accumulated over sodium into leaves during the first 8 days of the experiment and the sum of these two cations generally balanced accumulating chloride. Except for an initial loss of turgor in vines given 100 mM NaCl, turgor potential was maintained within 0.1 MPa of control plants for all of the treatments throughout the experiment.

scholarly journals Crop Load Effects on Irrigated and Non-irrigated Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 779G-780
Author(s):  
Larry E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Exchange Parameters

A study was conducted to determine the effects of crop removal on gas exchange parameters of `Thompson Seedless' grapevines grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Vines were either irrigated at full ET or not irrigated throughout the growing season. Clusters were removed subsequent to veraison, when the fruit soluble solids were ≈15° Brix. Reductions in leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured within 1 day of fruit removal for both irrigation treatments and remained such until the end of the experiment. The greatest reduction in A due to crop removal on a diurnal basis was with the non-irrigated vines between 0800 and 1000 hr. The reduction in A subsequent to crop removal was not the result of an accumulation of either starch or sugars in leaf tissue. The greater reduction in A of non-irrigated vines after fruit removal may have been due to the lack of strong, alternate sinks as vegetative growth was minimal due to water stress during the experimental period.

scholarly journals The Effects of Endophytic Beauveria bassiana Inoculation on Infestation Level of Planococcus ficus, Growth and Volatile Constituents of Potted Greenhouse Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siphokazi Moloinyane ◽  
Felix Nchu
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Significant Difference

Endophytic entomopathogenic fungi are being explored for the management of phytophagous insect pests. The effects of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) inoculation of grape plants on the infestation level of P. ficus, tissue nutrient contents, and growth and volatile constituents of potted grape plants were assessed. Grapevine plants were individually inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 108 conidia mL−1 of B. bassiana by drenching before experimentally infesting each of them with thirty adult females of P. ficus. At four weeks post-treatment, the fungus was re-isolated from leaves of 50% of the fungus-exposed plants. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in all the plant growth parameters measured in the fungus-treated and control plants. Plant tissue analysis revealed markedly higher contents of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the leaf tissue of plants exposed to the B. bassiana relative to the control. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that a significantly (X2 = 5.1; p < 0.02) higher number of known anti-insect volatile compounds (nine) were present among fungus treated plants compared to the control plants (five). Naphthalene, which is toxic to insects and humans, was detected only in the volatiles of the fungus-exposed plants. B. bassiana did not have any significant effect on total polyphenol, alkaloid, and flavonoids. Overall, treatment with fungus did not inhibit the infestation by P. ficus. In conclusion, these findings shed light on some of the mechanisms involved in endophytic fungus-plant-insect interactions.

Daily and seasonal changes of water potential in cereals

1976 ◽  
Vol 273 (927) ◽  
pp. 565-580 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

The paper reports measurements of the water relations of a barley crop (cv. Proctor) and a winter wheat crop (cv. Maris Huntsman), grown on the same site at Sutton Bonington. Throughout the two growing seasons, days were chosen when hourly measurements could be made of leaf water potential, by means of a pressure chamber, and of stomatal resistance, by means of a diffusion porometer. Environmental factors, e.g. radiation, temperature, humidity, were recorded concurrently. Relationships between leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and environmental factors are explored and compared for the two cereals. In particular, as frequent measurements were made over two months, the influence of leaf age on responses to environmental factors can be examined. On selected days with bright sunshine and dry soil the response of both cereals to water stress is analysed with particular reference to the control of evaporation by stomatal closure

Diversification within grapevine cultivars goes through chimeric states

Genome ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hocquigny ◽  
F Pelsy ◽  
V Dumas ◽  
S Kindt ◽  
M-C Heloir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
L1 And L2

Vitis vinifera 'Pinot' clones were analysed at 50 microsatellite loci to assess intravarietal genetic diversity. When analysing leaf tissue DNAs, polymorphism mainly resulted from the appearance of a third allele when two were expected for heterozygous loci in a diploid species. The sequencing of the three microsatellite alleles at two loci has confirmed their simultaneous presence in the leaf tissues. A hypothesis explaining the triallelic profiles at a locus is the presence of a periclinal chimera meristem structure, in which genetically different cell layers coexist. The periclinal chimeric state of two Vitis vinifera 'Pinot gris' clones was confirmed by splitting and analysing the genotypes resulting from L1 and L2 cell layers in progeny derived from self-fertilization, in root tissues, and in plants regenerated from somatic embryogenesis. Prevalence of chimerism in polymorphic clones observed in a collection of 145 accessions belonging to 'Pinot gris', 'Pinot noir', Pinot blanc', 'Pinot meunier', and 'Pinot moure' cultivars was demonstrated. The accumulation of somatic mutations and cell layer rearrangements allowed us to deduce the relationships between the various genotypes and to open a way for understanding the diversification process and the phylogeny in the 'Pinot' group.Key words: microsatellite, diversity, somatic mutation, chimerism, Vitis vinifera L., 'Pinot'.

Studies of the water relations of crop plants grown under natural rainfall in northern Australia.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Slatyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
High Level

Studies of the water relations of cotton, peanuts, and grain sorghum were made at Katherine, N.T., on crops grown under natural rainfall during the 1952-53 rainfall season. In the early part of this season, rainfall was more or less normal and little evidence of stress was seen in the plants. The latter part, however, was abnormally dry and resulted in the appearance of severe water stress symptoms in all crops. The water balance of the plants through the season was followed using Weatherley's (1950) "relative turgidity" technique of leaf turgor measurement. In each crop the relative turgidity level was maintained at a fairly high level until the onset of dry conditions, when a progressive decline commenced. This decline, although continuous, appeared to be in two stages. It was felt that the lag of absorption behind transpiration which resulted in loss of turgor was initially due to the rapid rise in transpiration, which followed the increase in atmospheric aridity with the onset of the dry period. As atmospheric conditions became more static, the continued decline in turgor was attributed primarily to the influence of soil moisture stress, in limiting absorption. Of the three crops, grain sorghum appeared to have the best-developed root system and also the most effective internal control over transpiration. Cotton appeared to be least well equipped in these respects. These features were reflected in generally higher turgor levels in grain sorghum than in other crops, and in a slower rate of decrease in turgor with the onset of dry weather. This decrease was particularly rapid in cotton. This relative resistance to turgor loss was in turn reflected in growth rate reductions in cotton as soon as soil moisture stress appeared, but not in grain sorghum until severe soil moisture stress was evident. The peanut responses throughout appeared intermediate between those of the other two crops.

Effects of time of day, moisture stress, and frosting on the alkaloid content of Phalaris tuberosa

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Alkaloid Content ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Related Compounds

Time of day had a slight effect on the level of N,N-dimethylated indolealkylamines in leaf tissue of plants of Phalaris tuberosa L. grown under controlled environmental conditions, and a somewhat larger effect on plants grown under field conditions. The alkaloid content was not affected significantly by moderate increases in moisture stress, but severe wilting caused an increase in the alkaloid content. The immediate regrowth from plants previously stressed had a higher alkaloid content than regrowth from unstressed plants. Severe moisture stress also caused an increase in certain related compounds, as yet unidentified. Frosting increased the alkaloid content more in plants receiving adequate nitrogen, and even more in plants grown at 21/16°C compared with plants grown at 15/10°. Changes in alkaloid content are discussed in relation to field observations and previous experimental results on the toxicity of P. tuberosa pastures to sheep.

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