Growth and Biomass Partitioning in Eucalyptus grandis Seedlings in Response to Nitrogen Supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Cromer ◽  
PG Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis were grown using an aeroponic culture technique in which continuously circulating solution was sprayed over seedling roots. Nutrient solutions, made up so that nitrogen was the element limiting growth, were added hourly at relative addition rates between 0.04 and 0.12 d-1. This technique enabled stable seedling nitrogen concentrations and relative growth rates to be maintained during experimental periods of 40-80 days in most treatments. Once steady state growth was established, allocation of dry matter to stems compared with foliage increased with ontogeny and the allometric relationship was not influenced by plant nitrogen status or genotype. In contast, the intercept of the allometric relationship between root mass and foliage mass was dependent on plant nitrogen concentration, but the slope was equal to unity at all nitrogen concentrations. Our data indicate that nitrogen-induced changes in allocation of dry matter between foliage and root components, together with changes in specific leaf area, had a larger influence on seedling growth rate than did changes in net rate of carbon gain per unit leaf area.

scholarly journals Nitrogen for growth of stock plants and production of strawberry runner tips

Bragantia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeimi Isabel Janisch ◽  
Jerônimo Luiz Andriolo ◽  
Vinícius Toso ◽  
Kamila Gabriele Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Jéssica Maronez de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Camino Real ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Crown Roots

The objective of this research was to determine growth and dry matter partitioning among organs of strawberry stock plants under five Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution and its effects on emission and growth of runner tips. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a soilless system with Oso Grande and Camino Real cultivars. Nitrogen concentrations of 5.12, 7.6, 10.12 (control), 12.62 and 15.12 mmol L-1 in the nutrient solution were studied in a 5x2 factorial randomised experimental design. All runner tips bearing at least one expanded leaf (patent requested) were collected weekly and counted during the growth period. The number of leaves, dry matter (DM) of leaves, crown and root, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was determined at the final harvest. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution from 5.12 to 15.12 mmol L-1 reduces growth of crown, roots and LAI of strawberry stock plants but did not affect emission and growth of runner tips. It was concluded that for the commercial production of plug plants the optimal nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution should be 5.12 mmol L-1.

Models of growth and development of wheat in relation to plant nitrogen

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
MW Moncur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Wheat plants were grown in culture solutions differing in nitrogen concentration and transferred between the solutions at the time of floral initiation. Rates of growth and development were expressed in relation to the nitrogen concentrations of the whole plants. Growth rate increased and developmental rate decreased with increased plant nitrogen concentration, the extent depending on the developmental stage when the nitrogen was supplied, the duration of supply, and the concentration of nitrogen in the solution. Simple dynamic models fitted to the data accounted for 97% of the variation in observed biomass and 93% of the variation in rate of development. The models are based on a concept of relative nitrogen concentration, an expression of the actual nitrogen concentration of the plant in relation to the maximum and minimum possible nitrogen concentrations at a particular developmental stage. The models suggest possibilities for calculating the growth response to nitrogen fertilizer applied at any time during the development of a crop.

Intraseasonal variation in the δ15N signature of taiga trees and shrubs

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Kielland ◽  
Bruce Barnett ◽  
Don Schell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Intraseasonal Variation ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Turnover ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

We examined the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen from six dominant taiga species over three distinct phenological periods during the growing season. Temporal changes in the isotopic signature varied among species, but were not consistent within a given growth form. Despite large variation between nitrogen concentrations in new, mature, and senescent foliage, the seasonal fluctuations in δ15N were small with the exception of aspen, a tree species growing on the most fertile sites. In the absence of strong within-season variation in isotope signature, we conclude that this parameter reasonably well integrates the plant-nitrogen relations over the growing season for most species, with the caveat that this parameter may show significant temporal variation in species from high-nitrogen environments. We found a significant, positive relationship between nitrogen concentration and δ15N values in mature and newly flushed foliage, suggesting that plant enrichment in δ15N is associated with increased soil nitrogen turnover.

scholarly journals Variations in plant forage quality in the range of the Porcupine caribou herd

Rangifer ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Johnstone ◽  
Donald E. Russell ◽  
Brad Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Deciduous Shrubs

Understanding potential impacts of vegetation change on caribou energetics requires information on variations in forage quality among different plant types and over time. We synthesized data on forage quality (nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility) for 10 plant growth forms from existing scientific literature and from field research in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. These data describe forage quality of plant species in habitats found within the summer and winter range of the Porcupine caribou herd in northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, U.S.A. We compared mean levels of summer forage quality among growth forms and, where possible, estimated seasonal changes in forage quality. Preferred forage groups (deciduous shrubs, forbs, and cottongrass flowers) had higher nitrogen and digestibility, and lower fiber content, than other growth forms. Nitrogen concentration in green biomass peaked at the onset of the growing season in forbs and deciduous shrubs, whereas graminoids reached peak nitrogen concentrations approximately 15-30 days after growth initiation. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of green biomass differed among growth forms, but did not show strong seasonal changes. IVDMD and NDF concentrations were correlated with nitrogen concentrations in studies that had paired sampling.

scholarly journals The Role of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Feeding Behavior of European Corn Borer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankica Sarajlić ◽  
Emilija Raspudić ◽  
Zdenko Lončarić ◽  
Marko Josipović ◽  
Ivana Majić
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

European corn borer (ECB) creates tunnels inside the plant stalks, causing damage, which could significantly decrease yield loss. This study aimed to determine the relationship between damage caused by ECB larval feeding and different irrigation and nitrogen fertilization rates on different maize genotypes. We conducted a field experiment in Croatia from 2012 to 2014. Increased plant nitrogen adsorption was observed under irrigation only in drought years, and it was decreased in optimal or extremely wet years. We found a weak or a moderate relationship between ECB damage and nitrogen concentration, but the greatest ECB damage was in all years recorded in treatments with the highest fertilization rates. However, the highest plant nitrogen concentration was observed in the hybrid with the lowest damage from ECB larvae. The maize damage caused by ECB larval feeding was negatively affected by high plant nitrogen concentrations only when plants were under drought stress. Nitrogen uptake was increased in irrigated plots. We did not find a strong relationship between the C/N ratio or irrigation and intensity of ECB damage. In 2012, when the narrowest C/N ratio was calculated, the greatest damage by ECB was measured. Further studies are needed since we detected the significant impact of drought on intensive ECB larval feeding.

scholarly journals Eucalyptus sp. seedling response to potassium fertilization and soil water.

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo César Teixeira ◽  
José Leonardo Moraes Gonçalves ◽  
José Carlos Arthur Junior ◽  
Cleci Dezordi
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla

A considerable portion of Brazil‘s commercial eucalypt plantations is located in areas subjected to periods of water deficit and grown in soils with low natural fertility, particularly poor in potassium. Potassium is influential in controlling water relations of plants. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of potassium fertilization and soil water potential (Ψw) on the dry matter production and on water relations of eucalypt seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. The experimental units were arranged in 4x4x2 randomized blocks factorial design, as follow: four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), four dosages of K (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3) and two soil water potentials (-0.01MPa and -0.1 MPa). Plastic containers with 15 cm diameter and 18 cm height, with Styrofoam base, containing 3.0 dm3 of soil and two plants per container were used. Soil water potential was kept at -0.01MPa for 40 days after seeding. Afterward, the experimental units were divided into two groups: in one group the potential was kept at -0.01MPa, and in the other one, at -0.10 MPa. Soil water potential was controlled gravimetrically twice a day with water replacement until the desired potential was reestablished. A week before harvesting, the leaf water potential (Ψ), the photosynthetic rate (A), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the transpiration rate were evaluated. The last week before harvesting, the mass of the containers was recorded daily before watering to determine the consumption of water by the plants. After harvesting, total dry matter and leaf area were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, to Tukey's tests and regression analyses. The application of K influenced A, gs and the transpiration rate. Plants deficient in K showed lower A and higher gs and transpiration rates. There were no statistical differences in A, gs and transpiration rates in plants with and without water deficit. The addition of K reduced the consumption of water per unit of leaf area and, in general, plants submitted to water deficit presented a lower consumption of water.

Improved nitrogen supply to cereals in Central Queensland following short legume leys

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
K. Walsh ◽  
K. J. McCosker ◽  
G. R. Millar ◽  
M. E. Probert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Summary. The growth and ability of 12 summer-growing annual and perennial legumes to fix nitrogen and the response of a subsequent wheat crop was examined in a field trial on a deep cracking clay soil in the Central Highlands of Queensland. Twelve legumes [Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth, Vigna radiata cv. Satin, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Medicago sativa cv. Trifecta, Vigna trilobata (CPI 13671), Macroptilium bracteatum (CPI 27404), Glycine latifolia (CQ 3368), Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Bayamo, Stylosanthes sp. aff scabra (104710), Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra, Cajanus cajan cv. Quest)] and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Tulloch) as a non-legume control were established in November 1994 and their growth monitored until March 1995. The legumes averaged greater than 5 t/ha dry matter production and 77 kg N/ha (above-ground only). Dry matter production ranged from less than 2 t/ha for G. latifolia and M. sativa to greater than 9 t/ha for D. virgatus cv. Bayamo and C. cajan. Annual legumes initially had much higher relative growth rates than the perennial legumes but they rapidily exhausted all the plant available water content of the soil thus allowing the well-established perennials to eventually match this production. The proportion of plant nitrogen (above ground) derived from N2 fixation was generally low, reflecting high soil NO3, but varied widely between species ranging from less than 20% for D. virgatus cv. Marc and G. latifolia to over 45% for C. ternatea, S. scabra and V. trilobata. The quantity of nitrogen derived from fixation was correlated with above-ground dry matter and nitrogen content. There was a significant (P<0.05) growth response by wheat following legumes compared with that following sorghum in the increasing order V. radiata = M. atropurpureum = L. purpureus > C. cajan = M. sativa = V. trilobata = M. bracteatum = G. latifolia > S. scabra = D. virgatus = C. ternatea. Previous legume growth had no significant (P>0.05) effect on yield or nitrogen concentration in a second ‘plant-back’ crop (sorghum). It was concluded that a wide range of pasture-ley legumes have the potential to improve cereal crop production in this region.

Growth, mineral composition and digestibility of maize, sorghum and barnyard millets at different temperatures

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon ◽  
JL Wheeler ◽  
CJ Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Stage Of Development

Barnyard millets (Echinochloa utilis and E. frumentacea), maize (Zea mays) and a sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense) were grown as spaced plants at temperature regimens from 15/10 to 33/28�C (dayhight). Leaf and stem dry weight, leaf area and leaf number were recorded every 2 weeks and the dry matter analysed for nitrogen, sulfur, sodium and in vitro digestibility. Tolerance to low temperatures was in the order maize > E. utilis >sorghum >E. frumentacea. At mean temperatures above 25�C, relative growth rates were similar for all species. Differences in leaf area, for which individual leaf size was mainly responsible, accounted for most of the dry weight responses to temperature, although net assimilation rate responses were also apparent. The dry weight response to temperature became negligible after adjusting for differences in stage of development. Dry matter digestibility decreased with temperature; it also decreased with time because of deteriorating stems, except in sorghum. Maize leaves were of low digestibility, similar to stems. The nitrogen : sulfur ratio of all species remained steady with age; in sorghum at low temperature it exceeded the 15: 1 maximum considered desirable for animals. Sodium was highest in E. utilis stems and increased with temperature, in contrast to sorghum. Maize had a marginal nitrogen: sulfur ratio and unacceptably low sodium concentration. It was concluded that more attention should be given to E. utilis as a forage for cool climates.

Effects of subterranean, rose and cupped clovers on soil nitrogen and on a subsequent cereal crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Watson ◽  
P Lapins ◽  
RJW Barron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Three annual clover species : subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum (cv. Geraldton), rose clover, T. hirtum (cv. Kondinin), and cupped clover, T. cherleri (cv. Yamina) were compared for yield of dry matter, for their effects on soil nitrogen, dry matter yield, and nitrogen uptake by a subsequent cereal crop. In one experiment, the three clover species and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), were grown in lysimeters to provide measurements of dry matter and nitrogen yields of plant tops and roots. Half of the lysimeters, from which the plant roots had not been removed, were later sown with wheat. Rose clover produced the highest yield of root nitrogen, and this was reflected in higher nitrogen uptake in the succeeding wheat crop. Nitrogen yield of wheat after ryegrass was 60% of the average yield after clovers. The three clover species were also included in a pasture experiment, which was grazed by sheep for five years. Samples were taken from the field plots to provide soil for a glasshouse pot experiment, and for chemical analysis. In the pasture experiment, build up of soil nitrogen over six years did not differ significantly between the subterranean and rose clover treatments, although there were large differences in clover plant numbers and herbage production, and botanical composition of the pastures. However, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were much higher in soil from the subterranean clover plots than in soil from the rose or cupped clover plots, particularly in the later stages of the field experiment. Total nitrogen increase and mineral nitrogen concentration were lowest in soil from the cupped clover plots, although herbage yield was comparable with that of rose clover

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Iron-deficient Chile Peppers in Sand Culture

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Anchondo ◽  
M.M. Wall ◽  
V.P. Gutschick ◽  
D.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Chile Peppers

Growth and yield responses of `New Mexico 6-4' and `NuMex R Naky' chile pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Longum Group)] to four Fe levels were studied under sand culture. A balanced nutrient solution (total nutrient concentration <2 mmol·L-1) was recirculated continuously to plants potted in acid-washed sand from the seedling stage to red fruit harvest. Plants received 1, 3, 10 or 30 μm Fe as ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate). Plant growth was determined by leaf area, specific leaf area [(SLA), leaf area per unit dry weight of leaves], instantaneous leaf photosynthetic rates, and dry matter partitioning. Low Fe (1 or 3 μm Fe) in the nutrient solution was associated with lower relative growth rates (RGR), increased SLA, and higher root to shoot ratios (3 μm Fe plants only) at final harvest. High Fe levels (10 or 30 μm Fe) in the nutrient solution were associated with an increased yield of red fruit and total plant dry matter. RGR of low-Fe young chile plants was reduced before any chlorotic symptoms appeared.

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