Triticale grain growth and morphometry as affected by drought stress, late sowing and simulated drought stress

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conxita Royo ◽  
Mosbah Abaza ◽  
Ricardo Blanco ◽  
Luis F. García del Moral
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Sowing

The effects on grain filling and morphometry of natural drought, late sowing and simulated drought by means of a chemical treatment with potassium iodide (KI) were compared over 3 years of field trials in triticale ( ¥ Triticosecale Wittmack) cv. Trujillo and three near-isogenic lines derived from it. Grain weight data fitted accurate to a logistic curve. The maximum rate of grain filling was the curve coefficient most sensitive to drought stress, and accounted for 7–50% of grain yield variation. Chemical treatment with KI caused greater variation in grain filling curve coefficients and grain morphometry than did a delay in the sowing date, which in turn caused greater variation than natural drought. The type and magnitude of the effects of the different kinds of stresses on grain growth and morphometry could be related to the time that elapsed from anthesis, at which time the effects were perceptible. KI reduced the maximum rate of grain filling and final grain weight by 38 and 32%, respectively, its effect being significant from 8 d after the treatment. The volume of grain was reduced 11% by KI. The impact of delayed sowing date and drought were significant 29 and 33 d after anthesis, respectively, corresponding to the end of the linear phase of the grain filling curves. Both treatments diminished grain filling duration (13% by delayed sowing, and 6% by drought, respectively), final grain weight (16 and 12%, respectively), grain volume (15% and 8%, respectively), and embryo area (8% in both cases), but neither altered the maximum grain filling rate.

Postanthesis green area duration in a semidwarf and a standard-height wheat cultivar as affected by sink strength

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Slafer ◽  
R Savin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
The University

Postanthesis green area duration (GAD) has been associated frequently with yield. The senescence pattern of green organs is a major component of GAD. It has been proposed that delayed or accelerated senescence is strongly controlled by environmental conditions and the level of source or sink limitation on grain growth. In particular, it has been generally reported that the removal of reproductive structures delays the senescence process. However, results reporting this effect in wheat are not conclusive. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of The University of Melbourne comprising a factorial combination of a semidwarf and a standard-height wheat, and two levels of sink strength. At anthesis, 20 main shoots were tagged and detillered. Ten days after anthesis all the spikelets from one side of 10 tagged ears were removed by hand. The experiment was performed under natural, and 3 h-extended photoperiods from seedling emergence to heading. The photoperiod treatments induced differing grain filling environments and differing plant characteristics at onset of grain filling. Green area senescence was similar for both sink size treatments at any combination of cultivar and grain filling condition, indicating that the dynamics of plant senescence was insensitive to a severe reduction in number of grains per spike. Therefore, GAD was not significantly affected by the reduction in sink strength. The number of grains per spike were reduced to ca. 50% due to trimming. Therefore, source-sink ratio was doubled, but no significant changes in individual grain weight were found. There was no relationship between GAD and individual grain weight, confirming that grain growth in field-grown wheat is not limited by the strength of the source. Alternatively, our results confirmed that field-grown wheat is sink-limited during grain filling and that the likely accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in leaves does not affect the onset or rate of senescence.

scholarly journals Estimating Organ Contribution to Grain Filling and Potential for Source Upregulation in Wheat Cultivars with a Contrasting Source–Sink Balance

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Carolina Rivera-Amado ◽  
Gemma Molero ◽  
Eliseo Trujillo-Negrellos ◽  
Matthew Reynolds ◽  
John Foulkes
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sink Limitation ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Source And Sink

Grain filling may be limited by the joint source and sink capacity in modern wheat cultivars, indicating a need to research the co-limitation of yield by both photosynthesis and the number and potential size of grains. The extent to which the post-anthesis source may be limiting final grain size can be estimated by partial degraining of spikes, while defoliation and shading treatments can be useful to estimate if any excess photosynthetic capacity exists. In the current study, degraining was applied to a set of 26 elite spring wheat cultivars from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)’s core germplasm (CIMCOG) panel, while lamina defoliation and shading through stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatments were applied to a subset of the same cultivars. Responses to source treatments in grain weight, pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, dry-matter translocation efficiency, and flag-leaf and spike photosynthetic rate were measured and compared to an unmanipulated control treatment. Grain weight responses to degraining among cultivars ranged from no response to increases of 28%, suggesting a range of responses from sink limitation, to probable source and sink co-limitation of grain growth. Grain weight’s response to degraining increased linearly with the years of cultivar release from 1966 to 2009, indicating that the current highest yield potential CIMMYT spring wheats have a co-limitation of grain growth by source and sink. This may have been due to an increase in grain sink strength with years of cultivar release with no commensurate increase in post-anthesis source capacity. The relatively low decreases in grain weight with defoliation compared to decreases in light interception by defoliation indicated that sink limitation was still likely predominating in the cultivars with co-limitation. The stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatment decreased grain weight by nearly 10%, indicating that stem-and-leafsheath photosynthesis plays a key role in grain growth during grain filling. In addition, pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight was increased by ca. 50% in response to lamina defoliation. Our results showed that increasing the post-anthesis source capacity, through increases in stem-and-leaf-sheath photosynthetic rate during grain filling and pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, is an important objective in enhancing yield potential in wheat through maintaining a source–sink balance.

scholarly journals Examination of the impact of sowing technology models on the ear, constiuent and yield parameters of the yield formation elements of maize hybrids of different genotypes

2013 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Enikő Bene
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hybrid Group

Production year 2012 has been characterised by climatic extremities. The weather of this year can be considered very contradictory in terms of maize production. The droughty conditions of the winter and spring months had a negative effect on both germination and starting vigour. The favourable weather of May-July created ideal conditions for intensive growth and generative processes; however the lack of precipitation in August and September had a damaging effect on the development of yield composing elements and grain saturation processes as well. Under such circumstances, the sowing date models caused significant differences in the yield and quality of the hybrids belonging to different growth periods. The growing period of the maize hybrids has been shortened as a result of the unfavourable climatic conditions. Based on the trial results, it is verifiable that short growing period hybrids can be securely sown in draughty years even with a later sowing date, however using a later sowing date in the case of longer growth period hybrids may result even in a yield loss of 2–3 t ha-1. In the case of early and average sowing dates, with given yearly conditions the hybrids of the observed FAO 370-390 hybrid group provided the best result (12.40 t ha-1, 10.99 t ha-1), while in the case of the third, late sowing date the yield dominance of the FAO 290-350 hybrid group is the most significant (10.08 t ha-1). The analysis of the yield composing elements found that the P9578 hybrid has the highest shelling ratio, while its cob is the shortest. The P9494 hybrid has a high yield and the highest thousand grain weight, while the DKC 4983 has the longest cob and its thousand grain weight is above 300 g. The results confirm the fact that DKC 4590 has the highest yield potential and starch content, while in terms of oil and protein content the Szegedi 386 and NK Octet hybrids are the most important.

scholarly journals Seed yield and physiological responses to deal with drought stress and late sowing date for promising lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-331
Author(s):  
Maryam Teymoori ◽  
Mohammad Reza Ardakani ◽  
Amir Hossein Shirani Rad ◽  
Mojtaba Alavifazel ◽  
Parisa Nejatkhah Manavi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Late Sowing

scholarly journals The impact of sowing date, production area and nutrient supply on the yield and quality parameters of millet

2014 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Emese Seres
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Production Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Sowing

The millet is a very special plant with good adaptation that gives the possibility for the late sowing and secondary production. However the effects of late sowing modifies to the efficiency of the agrotechnological elements. The examinations – focused on this aspect – was conducted in the DU CAS RINY in the small plots in four replications in 2013. The largest effect was recorded in the sowing time of the examined factors (sowing time, nutrient supply, growing area). The effectiveness of the agrotechnological elements decreases under unfavourable circumstances caused by the late sowing. The examined factors did not affect in the protein content and milling rate, except in the latest sowing time when protein content was significantly the highest.

scholarly journals Influence of Organic Manures on Drought Stress at Different Growth Stages of Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
AKMR Amin ◽  
MA Baque
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Agronomy department, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from November, 2018 to March, 2019 to evaluate the suitable organic source to mitigate the drought stress impact on wheat. The experiment comprised two factors viz. factor A: Three levels of organic manures, i)  O0 = Control (Without organic manure),       ii) O1 = Cowdung (10 t/ha), iii) O2 = Poultry litter (5 t/ha), and factor B:  four levels of drought i) D0 =  Control (without drought), ii) D1 =  Crown root initiation stage (at 20-29 DAS), iii) D2 =  Booting stage (at 45-54 DAS), iv) D3 = Anthesis stage (at 55-64 DAS). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (factorial) with three replications. Organic manure showed positive impact on yield and cowdung (O1) gave the highest grain yield (4.06 g plant-1). This may be attributed to the highest number of effective tillers plant-1 (3.21), spike length (9.53 cm), spikelet spike-1 (17.31), grains spikelet-1 (2.31) and 1000-grain weight (44.61 g) of wheat in this treatment. In respect of drought imposition treatments, grain yield was found higher in control treatment (without imposition of drought) which was statistically similar with drought imposition at booting stage treatment (D2). These two treatments also showed highest number of effective tillers plant-1, spikelets spike-1, grains spike-1 and 1000-grain weight. Regarding the interaction of organic manure and drought, cowdung without drought imposition (O1D0) and cowdung with drought imposition at booting stage (O1D2) were highest yielder among the other interactions which was attributed to higher 1000-seed weight, number of effective tillers plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and grains spike-1. Results revealed that application of organic manure could reduce the impact of drought on wheat irrespective of growth stages. However, application of cowdung (10 t ha-1) was found more effective to combat drought impact at booting stage of wheat compared to other growth stages. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(2): 81-86

Final grain weight in wheat as affected by short periods of high temperature during pre- and post-anthesis under field conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer ◽  
Leonor G. Abeledo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Response To Temperature

Individual grain weight is an important source of variation for grain yield in wheat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short periods of high temperature immediately pre-anthesis, or during post-anthesis, on grain weight under field conditions. Thus, two wheat cultivars of different grain weight potential were sown on four different sowing dates to provide different temperature conditions during the pre- and post-anthesis periods. In addition, for two sowings, acrylic boxes were installed to increase spike temperature either immediately before anthesis, or during the lineal phase of the grain-filling period. Final grain weight was significantly affected by sowing date, genotype and grain position on the spike. Grain weight showed a clear relationship with the average temperature of the grain filling period, but this relationship was either linear or curvilinear, depending on the cultivar. Both high temperature treatments, i.e. at pre- or post-anthesis, significantly diminished final grain weight, and their effect was similar with the exception of heavier grains, which were unresponsive to the high temperature treatment at pre-anthesis. Finally, a better understanding of final grain weight was reached when temperatures from the pre-anthesis period were included in the analysis of grain weight response to temperature.

scholarly journals Grain Growth of Wheat Under Prevailing Air Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAK Mian ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
J Hossain ◽  
MA Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Reproductive Phase

An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishwardi, Pabna in two consecutive years of 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to quantify the effect of temperature on phenological duration and grain growth of wheat. Temperature variation was created by changing sowing date (15 November=S1, 30 November=S2, 15 December=S3 and 30 December=S4). Results revealed that reproductive phase was more sensitive to high temperature as compared to vegetative phase of wheat. Reproductive phase reduced from 54 to 37 days in 2010-2011 and from 64 to 34 days in 2011-2012 as influenced by higher air temperature under late sowing. Duration of reproductive phase was strongly and negatively correlated with mean air temperature (r=-0.64 to -0.96 at p<0.01). Maximum grain growth (49.12-50.18 mg grain-1) was recorded at 55 days after anthesis in 30 November sowing in both the years. Grain growth was negatively correlated (r=-0.80 at p<0.01) with mean air temperature during grain growth period. Grain yield was the highest (4560-6080 kg ha-1) in 30 November sowing, afterwards it reduced in both the years. Grain yield was negatively correlated (r=-0.70 at p<0.01) with mean air temperature of grain growth period. Rising of air temperature at grain filling stage subjected to reduced grain yield of wheat. Effect of temperature on grain yield of wheat can be explained about 88% by the function of Y= -14910+ 2069X-52.67X2 (R² = 0.88). Rising of one degree (oC) temperature above optimum (19.64 0C) grain yield reduced @ 53 kg ha-1 (0.98%).Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016 19(2): 79-85

scholarly journals Enhancing Drought Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivgum L.) Through Foliar Application of Proline and L-Triptophan

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Asad Shabir ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Maqshoof Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Latif ◽  
Syed Asad Hussain Bukharia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
The Impact

Limited water availability is one of the important abiotic factor affecting yield of wheat crop. Exogenous application of osmolytes is an important factor in reducing the stress due to water shortage. Keeping in view the role of proline and L-tryptophan (L-TRP) in stress alleviation, a study was carried out at the agricultural research area of the University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, during winter 2015-2016 to evaluate the impact of foliar applied proline and L-TRP on growth and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat grown under limited moisture supply. Drought stress was applied in three levels (I1 = control, I2  = drought stress at tillering stage and  I3 = drought stress at grain filling stage) while, foliar application of proline and L-TRP was done in six levels [T1 = control; T2 = proline (10 mM); T3 = proline (20 mM); T4 = L-TRP (10-4 M); T5 = L-TRP  (10-4 M) + proline (10 mM) and T6 = L-TRP (10-4 M) + proline (20 mM)]. The experimental results revealed that growth and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat were decreased due to reduced water supply. However, exogenously applied proline and L-TRP considerably ameliorated the effect of drought stress. Combined application of L-TRP (10-4 M) and proline (20 mM ) showed better results and induced tolerance to drought stress, in comparison with other treatments. Foliar application of proline and L-TRP also enhanced the photosynthetic rate which might be related with the improved photosynthetic pigments. Overall, exogenously applied proline and L-TRP mitigated the adverse effects of moisture deficit on growth and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat crop.    

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