scholarly journals Application of genome-editing systems to enhance available pig resources for agriculture and biomedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Kiho Lee ◽  
Kayla Farrell ◽  
Kyungjun Uh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Site Specific

Traditionally, genetic engineering in the pig was a challenging task. Genetic engineering of somatic cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could produce genetically engineered (GE) pigs carrying site-specific modifications. However, due to difficulties in engineering the genome of somatic cells and developmental defects associated with SCNT, a limited number of GE pig models were reported. Recent developments in genome-editing tools, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system, have markedly changed the effort and time required to produce GE pig models. The frequency of genetic engineering in somatic cells is now practical. In addition, SCNT is no longer essential in producing GE pigs carrying site-specific modifications, because direct injection of genome-editing systems into developing embryos introduces targeted modifications. To date, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most convenient, cost-effective, timely and commonly used genome-editing technology. Several applicable biomedical and agricultural pig models have been generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Although the efficiency of genetic engineering has been markedly enhanced with the use of genome-editing systems, improvements are still needed to optimally use the emerging technology. Current and future advances in genome-editing strategies will have a monumental effect on pig models used in agriculture and biomedicine.

scholarly journals THE JOURNEY OF CRISPR-CAS9 FROM BACTERIAL DEFENSE MECHANISM TO A GENE EDITING TOOL IN BOTH ANIMALS AND PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tahir ◽  
Q Ali ◽  
MS Rashid ◽  
A Malik
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator

Today we can use multiple of endonucleases for genome editing which has become very important and used in number of applications. We use sequence specific molecular scissors out of which, most important are mega nucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENS (Transcription Activator Like-Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR-Cas9 which is currently the most famous due to a number of reasons, they are cheap, easy to build, very specific in nature and their success rate in plants and animals is also high. Who knew that one day these CRISPR discovered as a part of immune system of bacteria will be this much worthwhile in the field of genetic engineering? This review interprets the science behind their mechanism and how several advancements were made with the passage of time to make them more efficient for the assigned job.

scholarly journals Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing System in Cereal Crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
V. Edwin Hillary ◽  
S. Antony Ceasar
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
New Era ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
User Friendly

Recent developments in targeted genome editing accelerated genetic research and opened new potentials to improve the crops for better yields and quality. Genome editing techniques like Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN) and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) have been accustomed to target any gene of interest. However, these systems have some drawbacks as they are very expensive and time consuming with labor-intensive protein construction protocol. A new era of genome editing technology has a user-friendly tool which is termed as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9), is an RNA based genome editing system involving a simple and cost-effective design of constructs. CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse crops for various genome editing approaches. In this review, we highlight the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in cereal crops including rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum to improve these crops for better yield and quality. Since cereal crops supply a major source of food to world populations, their improvement using recent genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 is timely and crucial. The genome editing of cereal crops using the CRISPR/Cas9 system would help to overcome the adverse effects of agriculture and may aid in conserving food security in developing countries.

Modern biotechnology tools and biosecurity in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Alsubki Roua
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Modern Biotechnology

The global health system is under a constant threat from microbial outbreaks. The innovation in genetic engineering has created an existential threat to national, regional and international security. This threat, that can edit microbial or human genomes, requires global attention. In the current review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar to identify literature discussing modern biotechnology tools as well as relevance to biosafety in the Middle east region. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of biological threats due to advancements in genetic engineering, making it possible to insert or delete specific genes to increase the virulence of particular microbes. These pathogens or other toxic factors can be multiplied by technology, creating new biological weapons. Genome editing technologies including meganucleases (MNs), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector (TALE)-nucleases (TALENs) and recently discovered clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas) induce a double strand break at specific DNA target site. Genome editing technologies lead to an irreversible and permanent alteration of the genetic code and therefore, can inevitably result in security risks. Vulnerabilities in Middle Eastern laboratories raise the prospect of high levels of pathogenic microbes potentially creating a weakness in the diagnosis and monitoring of epidemics. Furthermore, the lack of regional legislation to regulate biosafety and biosecurity may lead to biological threat at the regional level.

scholarly journals Genome Editing: A New Horizon for Oral and Craniofacial Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Yu ◽  
J. Yang ◽  
Y. Mishina ◽  
W.V. Giannobile
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Conducting Research

Precise and efficient genetic manipulations have enabled researchers to understand gene functions in disease and development, providing a platform to search for molecular cures. Over the past decade, the unprecedented advancement of genome editing techniques has revolutionized the biological research fields. Early genome editing strategies involved many naturally occurring nucleases, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, and transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases. More recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated nucleases (CRISPR/Cas) system has greatly enriched genetic manipulation methods in conducting research. Those nucleases generate double-strand breaks in the target gene sequences and then utilize DNA repair mechanisms to permit precise yet versatile genetic manipulations. The oral and craniofacial field harbors a plethora of diseases and developmental defects that require genetic models that can exploit these genome editing techniques. This review provides an overview of the genome editing techniques, particularly the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, for the oral and craniofacial research community. We also discuss the details about the emerging applications of genome editing in oral and craniofacial biology.

Concepts of Molecular Plant Breeding and Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Targeted Gene Editing ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Traditional plant breeding depends on spontaneous and induced mutations available in the crop plants. Such mutations are rare and occur randomly. By contrast, molecular breeding and genome editing are advanced breeding techniques that can enhance the selection process and produce precisely targeted modifications in any crop. Identification of molecular markers, based on SSRs and SNPs, and the availability of high-throughput (HTP) genotyping platforms have accelerated the process of generating dense genetic linkage maps and thereby enhanced application of marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Advanced molecular biology techniques that facilitate precise, efficient, and targeted modifications at genomic loci are termed as “genome editing.” The genome editing tools include “zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs),” “transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),” oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), and “clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPER/Cas) system,” which can be used for targeted gene editing. Concepts of molecular plant breeding and genome editing systems are presented in this chapter.

TALEN-mediated genome editing: prospects and perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 462 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wright ◽  
Ting Li ◽  
Bing Yang ◽  
Martin H. Spalding
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Dna Dsbs ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome editing is the practice of making predetermined and precise changes to a genome by controlling the location of DNA DSBs (double-strand breaks) and manipulating the cell's repair mechanisms. This technology results from harnessing natural processes that have taken decades and multiple lines of inquiry to understand. Through many false starts and iterative technology advances, the goal of genome editing is just now falling under the control of human hands as a routine and broadly applicable method. The present review attempts to define the technique and capture the discovery process while following its evolution from meganucleases and zinc finger nucleases to the current state of the art: TALEN (transcription-activator-like effector nuclease) technology. We also discuss factors that influence success, technical challenges and future prospects of this quickly evolving area of study and application.

scholarly journals Update of Regulatory Options of New Breeding Techniques and Biosafety Approaches among Selected Countries: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Silas Obukosia ◽  
Olalekan Akinbo ◽  
Woldeyesus Sinebo ◽  
Moussa Savadogo ◽  
Samuel Timpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Homing Endonucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Genomic Editing ◽  
New Breeding Techniques ◽  
Breeding Techniques

A new set of breeding techniques, referred to as New Breeding Techniques developed in the last two decades have potential for enhancing improved productivity in crop and animal breeding globally. These include site directed nucleases based genomic editing procedures-CRISPR and Cas associated proteins, Zinc Finger Nucleases, Meganucleases/Homing Endonucleases and Transcription- Activator Like-Effector Nucleases for genome editing and other technologies including- Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis, Cisgenesis and intragenesis, RNA-Dependent DNA methylation; Transgrafting, Agroinfiltration, Reverse breeding. There are ongoing global debates on whether the processes of and products emerging from these technologies should be regulated as genetically modified organisms or approved as conventional products. Decisions on whether to regulate as GMOs are based both on understanding of the molecular basis of their development and if the GMO intermediate step was used. For example- cisgenesis, can be developed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens methods of transformation, a process used by GMO but if the selection is properly conducted the intermediate GMO elements will be eliminated and the final product will be identical to the conventionally developed crops. Others like Site Directed Nuclease 3 are regulated as GMOs in countries such as United State of America, Canada, European Union, Argentina, Australia. Progress in genome editing research, testing of genome edited bacterial blight resistant rice, development of Guidelines for regulating new breeding techniques or genome editing in Africa is also covered with special reference to South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria. Science- and evidence-based approach to regulation of new breeding techniques among regulators and policy makers should be strongly supported.

scholarly journals Genome Editing Technologies as Cellular Defense Against Viral Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingzi Zhang ◽  
Mo Li
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Viral Pathogens

Viral infectious diseases are significant threats to the welfare of world populations. Besides the widespread acute viral infections (e.g., dengue fever) and chronic infections [e.g., those by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)], emerging viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pose great challenges to the world. Genome editing technologies, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), have played essential roles in the study of new treatment for viral infectious diseases in cell lines, animal models, and clinical trials. Genome editing tools have been used to eliminate latent infections and provide resistance to new infections. Increasing evidence has shown that genome editing-based antiviral strategy is simple to design and can be quickly adapted to combat infections by a wide spectrum of viral pathogens, including the emerging coronaviruses. Here we review the development and applications of genome editing technologies for preventing or eliminating infections caused by HIV, HBV, HPV, HSV, and SARS-CoV-2, and discuss how the latest advances could enlighten further development of genome editing into a novel therapy for viral infectious diseases.

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