scholarly journals Missing shots: has the possibility of shooting wolves been lacking for 20 years in France

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
M. Meuret ◽  
C.-H. Moulin ◽  
O. Bonnet ◽  
L. Garde ◽  
M.-O. Nozières-Petit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Wolf Management ◽  
Mosaic Landscapes ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Lethal Means ◽  
Successful Predation ◽  
Damage Protection

Wolves were exterminated in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Therefore, livestock breeders and herders were unprepared when wolves arrived from Italy in 1993, the year after France committed to the European Union (EU) to protect wolves. Today, ~580 wolves, whose numbers are growing exponentially, are present in over one-third of France. During the last 10 years, livestock deaths from wolves have grown linearly from 3215 in 2009 to 12451 in 2019, despite France implementing extensive damage protection measures since 2004, including reinforced human presence, livestock guard dogs, secured pasture fencing and electrified night pens. The failure to prevent damage is clear. Wolves enter mosaic landscapes where grazing livestock are abundant and easy prey. Wolves are intelligent and opportunistic. As a strictly protected species, it seems they no longer associate livestock with humans and humans with danger. Half of the successful attacks now occur during the day, notwithstanding the presence of dogs and humans. Considering the high costs of unsatisfactory protection, France recently modified its wolf management policy. In addition to non-lethal means of protection, breeders that have suffered several attacks by wolves are now permitted, by derogation to the law, to defensively shoot wolves. Based upon evidence from other countries, we suggest re-establishing a reciprocal relationship with wolves. Breeders and herders should be allowed to shoot wolves to defend their herds against wolf attacks, not after several successful predation events. Defence shooting would also upgrade the efficiency of non-lethal means, as warning signals for wolves to respect. Rather than passive coexistence, we need to embrace a dynamic and ever-evolving process of coadaptation between humans and wolves, relying on the adaptive capacities of both.

Do regulations protect workers from occupational exposures to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) agents in France?

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-397
Author(s):  
Nathalie Havet ◽  
Alexis Penot ◽  
Morgane Plantier ◽  
Barbara Charbotel ◽  
Magali Morelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveThis article explores the impact of regulations on the implementation of collective protections in France to occupational exposure to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) agents.MethodsIndividual data from the French national cross-sectional survey of occupational hazards conducted in 2010 were analysed. We investigated whether stricter regulations and longer exposures were associated with higher level of collective protection using multivariate logistic regressions.ResultsGeneral ventilation, for which effect is limited as collective protection for CMR products, was present in 19% of situations involving CMR agents while isolation chambers, the most effective form of protection, were only very rarely implemented. Multilevel logistic regressions show that exposure situations to products classified as category 1 or 2 by the European Union do not have a higher probability of benefiting from a collective protection measures. Exposures to products with a Binding Occupational Exposure Limit Value selectively benefited from a better level of protection. Exposures to agents entered on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) list of proven or probable carcinogens benefited more from effective collective protections than products suspected to be carcinogens but not yet classified by IARC.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the dissemination of evaluations of carcinogens by the IARC translate into improved protective measures even though the IARC classification has no mandatory impact on regulations.

scholarly journals An Assessment and Spatial Modelling of Agricultural Land Abandonment in Spain (2015–2030)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Perpiña Castillo ◽  
Eloína Coll Aliaga ◽  
Carlo Lavalle ◽  
José Carlos Martínez Llario
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Land Abandonment ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
High Nature Value Farmland

This article presents a study based on the outputs from the LUISA Territorial modelling platform (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) focused on regional and local future projections of land abandonment between 2015 and 2030. Spain is taken as representative of one of the countries highly affected by agricultural land abandonment in the European Union. The most relevant factors driving land abandonment (biophysical, agroeconomics, farm structure and demographic) are described and mapped. Results from the analysis reveal that the Galicia region, northern Spain (Asturias, Cantabria, Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia), north-eastern Spain (Aragón region), central Pyrenees/Ebro basin (Huesca, Navarra, Lleida) and south-eastern Spain (Murcia, Almería, Alicante, Málaga) are expected to undergo important abandonment processes. The study also concludes that land abandonment within mountainous, high nature value farmland and Natura 2000 areas is lower compared to the outside area without conservation and protection measures.

Adverse Work Stress Reactions — A Review of the Potential Influence on Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDS)

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (30) ◽  
pp. 5-457-5-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Devereux ◽  
P.W. Buckle
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Health Burdens ◽  
The Impact

Available data show that work stress and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the leading occupational health burdens in Member States of the European Union. Cross-sectional data do no provide a clear indication of the impact of work stress upon WMSDs. Studies have used different indicators for stress and this makes comparison between them more difficult. Similar workplace risk factors, including physical and psychosocial, seem to be associated with work stress and WMSDs. Stress has been implicated in the pathology of WMSDs but many hypotheses require further investigation. There is some epidemiological evidence to support work stress reactions as a predictor of WMSDs and a weighted reciprocal relationship may also exist between these two health problems. However, more longitudinal studies are required to clarify this issue.

Incorporating ecological perspectives in European groundwater management policy

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAN L. DANIELOPOL ◽  
JANINE GIBERT ◽  
CHRISTIAN GRIEBLER ◽  
AMARA GUNATILAKA ◽  
HANS JÜRGEN HAHN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The Eu

Implementation of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000) and its planned supplement ‘Directive on the Protection of Groundwater against Pollution’ (EU GWD [European Union Groundwater Directive] 2003) demands an initial characterization of all groundwater bodies by national and regional authorities. The main criteria considered in the Directives to define the groundwater (GW) status are quality (chemical) and quantity, but there is the obvious omission of ecological perspective in these. A directive for a comprehensive policy dealing with GW protection at the level of the EU is a prerequisite for human welfare. Additionally, recognition of GW-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in the EU is equally important for their sustainable management. GW management and policy should recognize the ecological functions of GW and their interactions with GDEs. As they can stretch across national and regional boundaries, political recognition of their importance and the necessity for ecological consistency of management plans have to be emphasized. During the last three decades, a number of researchers have focused their attention on the dynamics and functioning of GW ecosystems and this work could serve as a basis for identifying impacts of changes in key attributes of GDEs. Detailed aspects of GW ecosystems have been comprehensively dealt with (Gibert et al. 1994; Wilkens et al. 2000; Griebler et al. 2001; Danielopol et al. 2003). Changes in key attributes of GW ecosystems have had consequences for the environment in the EU and USA (Klijn & Witte 1999; Winter 1999; Sophocleous 2002; Winter et al. 2003).

scholarly journals GDPR implementation as the main reason for the regional fragmentation in the online mediasphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 08099
Author(s):  
Mikhail Smolenskiy ◽  
Nikolay Levshin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Main Role ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Usa ◽  
General Data

The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies not only to the territory of the European Union, but also to all information systems containing data of EU’s citizens around the world. Misusing or carelessly handling personal data bring fines of up to 20 million euros or 4% of the annual turnover of the offending company. This article analyzes the main trends in the global implementation of the GDPR. Authors considered and analyzed results of personal data protection measures in nineteen regions: The USA, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea and Thailand, as well as the European Union and a handful of other. This allowed identifying a direct pattern between the global tightening of EU’s citizens personal data protection and the fragmentation of the global mediasphere into separate national segments. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that GDPR has finally slowed down the globalization of the online mediasphere, playing a main role in its regional fragmentation.

scholarly journals Sanitary-and-epidemiological substantiation of the conditions forthelocation of modern low-capacity enterprises for manufacture of asphalt concrete taking into account changes in technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Z.V. Styrta ◽  
◽  
V.M. Mahniuk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Gas Cleaning

Objective: We performed sanitary-and-epidemiological and ecological-and- hygienic substantiation of the conditions for the location of low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete, developed the hygienic criteria for their location taking into account the newest home sanitary, ecological and town-planning legislations and requirements of the European Union directives. Materials and methods: In the article we used results of sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials and applied bibliosemantic, analytical methods. Results: Тhe sanitary legislation of Ukraine of 1971 and 1996 in the normalization of sanitary-and-protection zone for the above mentioned enterprises was analyzed and compared with the analogous standards in the European countries. According to the results of the scientific sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials on the substantiation of the sanitary-and-protection zone for home low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete (80% of them were put into operation before 1996), the following was established. All investigated enterprises work with the prepared bitumen with the implementation of nature protection measures by means of the use of high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems, that shortened the gross emissions of the pollutants in ambient air to a large extent and decreased influence on the environment and adjoining settlement territory, that complies with the requirements of the Directive of 2010/75/EС of European Parliament and Council on the industrial emissions (integrated prevention and control of contamination), November 24, 2010. Implementation of nature protection measures with the use of the high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems at the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete provided the absence of the exceed of MPC of the specific pollutants at the distances that were 1.5-3.0 times less than standard sanitary-protective zone that was a cause for the substantiation of the use of new approach at the establishment of sanitary-and-protection zone by the calculation method at building of the new or reconstruction of the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete.

scholarly journals CONSUMER PROTECTION MEASURES FOR ERRONEOUS OR UNAUTHORIZED INTERNET PAYMENTS: SOME LESSONS FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION?

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne A Lawack-Davids ◽  
Frans E Marx
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Payment Instruments

The increase in cyber malls or internet shops presents consumers with a magnitude of goods, including digitized goods and information to choose from. In purchasing these commodities, the internet, in particular, offers the consumer various payment possibilities, such as credit card and online fund transfers to third parties. However, these payment instruments are not flawless. Errors may occur whilst the consumer is making such payment, the system may malfunction or unauthorized payments may be made.The aim of this analysis is to ascertain whether the existing law has measures that would be wide enough to protect a consumer in these instances. The position in South Africa is evaluated against this background and compared with the position in the European Union. 

scholarly journals Protection of Individuals in the light of EU Regulation 2016/679 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of such Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Mirosław Tokarski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Eu Regulation

The process of establishing normative acts in the European Union does not  occur out of nowhere, but in the context of specific social needs. That was the case of the genesis of establishing legal regulations regarding the protection of personal data in the European Union. Socio-economic integration, which resulted from the functioning of internal market in the European Union, has led to a significant increase in cross-border transfers of personal data. It led to situation in which various economic operators or state institutions of the Member States have increasingly processed the personal data of the EU citizens. Within time, these data have become an equally valuable commodity - not to say even more valuable – compared to goods and services (Costa-Cabral, and Lynskey Orla, 2017, p. 11). Making use of personal data on a large scale especially by public and private entities, associations and companies over time has posed a threat to the security of personal data. This has made it necessary to introduce legal protection measures for personal data in the European Union that would eliminate the negative effects of any form of personal data processing. The purpose of this article is to evaluate legal regulations regarding legislative protection of personal data in the European Union against the background of EU Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and the Council with respect to the protection of individuals due to processing personal data, its free movement and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (hereinafter referred to as Regulation 2016/679). Due to initially adopted purpose of the considerations there arose a problem which was formulated in the form of a question: Do the legal measures introduced by the Regulation constitute an effective tool for the protection of personal data in the event of a violation of the law by personal data administrators and entities while processing such data? The presented purpose of the considerations and the research problem determined the order of the analysis.

scholarly journals Recycling of municipal waste in Slovak cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (53) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Lucia Škamlová ◽  
Michal Klobučník
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Management Indicators ◽  
Waste Management Policy ◽  
The Many ◽  
Specific Contribution

Abstract Among the most urgent topics within waste management policy is the gradual transition of the economy from a linear model towards a circular economy with a more sustainable way of using resources. The European Union has responded to these changes by passing new legislation and ambitious targets so that all member states can quickly work towards achieving a greener and more sustainable Europe. However, the starting position for achieving the desired goals differs significantly from one country to another. In this paper, we therefore looked at the position of Slovakia in relation to selected waste management indicators, and at the measures taken so far. Moreover, since waste management falls under one of the many public benefit services provided under the remit of local governments, we also monitored the specific contribution of Slovak cities to the newly established trend of waste management in the country.

scholarly journals The Role and Opportunities of the Regional Economy in the Agrarian Sector In Ensuring the Production of Competitive Products

Economics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Gocha Tsopurashvili Gocha Tsopurashvili
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Competitive Products ◽  
Resource Research

The paper discusses the importance of using the opportunities of the regional economy in the production of competitive agricultural products at the modern stage. The 8-year cycle of declared priority and state protectionism has not substantially changed the situation, the field still needs to bereformed, most of the systemic-structural and organizational-technical issues are unresolved. The importance of the synergistic effect of centrifugal policies is completely ignored. Georgia’s commitments under the Deep and Comprehensive Agreement with the European Union in terms of strengthening, decentralization and deconcentration of self-government, are not actually fulfilled; Therefore, in the current situation, the opportunities of the regional economy are untapped in the country. Accordingly, nowadays the opportunities of the regional economy are unused in the country, initiatives and proposals from the places are not considered at all. The principle of action adopted in the EU countries, which actively use the specific model in governance, is completely ignored. Moreover, all types of stimulus and protectionist policies are implemented only from the center and lack of the full-fledged on-site resource research, understanding the information-analytical reality, the visions of identifying risks and benefits, as well as the initial competitiveness. Solving the issues of territorial arrangement of Georgia, the active use of the opportunities of the regional economy and proper spatial development of the territories give us additional opportunities to solve the existing problems in the field and to ensure the activation of mechanisms for creating the competitive products. The agenda raises the need to address a number of fundamental problems that can be broken down into stages and implemented in the form of targeted action-program modeling. In order to make full use of the regional factor, it is necessary to be directly involved in policy management issues and to offer a microzonal adjusted incentive system, synergistic effect of centrifugal and centrifugal policies, generalization of all local specific problems, situational and contextual analysis, resource research. The role of an active land management policy issues, the establishment of the principles of competitive culture zones and the definition of sectoral-territorial specifics are an incomplete list of topics. Moreover, in order to achieve competitiveness, it is important to highlight the starting advantage, which in this context must beexercised under multilateral responsibility, where both levels of the state hierarchical system will have their own rights and responsibilities. And the structural unit (cooperative, cluster) is fully responsible for ensuring the project-defined outcome. By implementing the regional economic principles, it is possible to consider the economic-commercial, on the one hand, within the framework of the targeted program, and on the other hand, the socio-demographic aspects that underlie the state policy on the development of the sector and the region. In the current situation, the importance of the convergent nature of development and inclusive involvement, which should be the result of a reasonable policy of the state, and it has no alternative in the current situation. Keywords: regional economy, competitive products, involvement of self-governing bodies, decentralization, socio-economic situation, System-structural reform, analytical studies, targeted programs.

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