Electric shock conditioning of sheep to avoid feed supplement troughs in field investigations of diet supplementation.

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJD Martin ◽  
DA Pritchard ◽  
RGA Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Electric Shock ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Electric Fence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
All Treatment ◽  
Rejection Rates

We examined the possibility of conditioning grazing sheep not to eat freely available supplements. The technique used a standard electric fence energizer connected to a trough filled with molasses. A flock of 60 wethers and another flock of 120 ewe and wether hoggets were each divided into three treatment groups. All treatment groups were initially allowed access to the molasses trough with the energizer switched off. After two days, the control group was removed while the energizer was switched on for the other two groups; the voltage was measured at 6,500 volts. Sheep in one group were removed from the yard after one day's exposure while the other sheep were left with the energizer on for a further two days. One and four weeks later all sheep were exposed to the molasses trough without the energizer turned on. The wethers and hoggets were then placed in 120 and 250 ha paddocks. Numbers of sheep visiting the troughs were checked 6, 18, 22 and 26 weeks after introduction. Total success was achieved in creating avoiders and acceptors in their respective groups in the yard. None of the control group rejected supplements throughout the experiment in the paddocks. However, for the other wether groups between 70% and 73% respectively rejected the supplement. For the hogget groups the rejection rates were 74% and 70%. The behaviour and conditioning of the animals to avoid the troughs particularly stressful to the individual sheep. While the technique supplemented and non-supplemented sheep within one paddock.

The Effects of Therapist Presence and Relaxation Training on the Efficacy and Generalizability of in vivo Exposure

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. AuBuchon ◽  
Karen S. Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Training ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
Therapist Presence ◽  
All Treatment

The present study examined the effects of therapist presence and the addition of relaxation training on the efficacy and generalizability of in vivo exposure procedures in the treatment of multiply-phobic individuals. Thirty-two individuals who were severely phobic of at least two objects/situations were assigned to one of three treatment groups or a waiting list control group, but received treatment for only one phobia. The Exposure Alone group received prolonged exposure to a phobic stimulus while alone in a room with that stimulus. The Exposure + Relaxation group were also exposed to a phobic stimulus but had received additional training in a relaxation technique. Subjects in the Exposure + Therapist group were accompanied by a nonanxious/nonavoiding “therapist” during exposure sessions. All treatment groups improved significantly, but the Exposure + Therapist group demonstrated significantly greater extinction of fear responses related to the treated phobias than the other groups. The Exposure + Relaxation group demonstrated the greatest generalization of treatment effects to untreated phobias. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Relocation does not have a significant effect on the growth rate of Bos indicus cross steers

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Holroyd ◽  
V. J. Doogan ◽  
M. R. Jeffery ◽  
J. A. Lindsay ◽  
B. K. Venus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Native Pastures

This experiment tested the hypothesis that relocating cattle is detrimental to their growth. The study examined the effect of having relocated cattle mixed with, or segregated from, the local acclimatised cattle at the destination property. Bos indicus cross steers (120) were allocated to three groups and were relocated, in two separate cohorts, 980 km from northern Queensland to improved pastures in central Queensland. At the start of Phase 1, the control group (C) was moved 3 months before the other two groups. The remaining two groups grazed native pastures; one group was supplemented (SR) to increase growth rate similar to that expected from improved pasture in central Queensland and the other was not supplemented (R). At the end of Phase 1, C was significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than SR, which was significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than R. At the start of Phase 2, the SR and R groups were relocated and after transportation the R and SR groups lost 12 kg or 4.4% of liveweight and 18 kg or 5.7% of liveweight, respectively; this weight loss was recovered after 5 days. All steers were reallocated to segregated (SEG) or mixed (MIX) treatment groups forming six treatments (SEG.C, SEG.R and SEG.SR and MIX.C, MIX.R and MIX.SR). There were no significant differences in liveweights within the SEG treatments by 57 days or within the MIX treatments by 106 days after relocation. There were few if any significant differences in the plasma constituents and differential leucocyte counts of the steers and most results were within physiologically normal ranges. We conclude on the basis of these results and of other experiments that the anecdotal poor performance of cattle after relocation appears to be unfounded.

357 CALCIUM RELEASE INDUCED BY THIMEROSAL AND INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRIPHOSPHATE IN HEAT-SHOCKED PORCINE OOCYTES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
J.-K. Tseng ◽  
P.-C. Tang ◽  
J.-C. Ju
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetoxymethyl Ester ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
All Treatment

Elevated ambient temperature has been known to be deleterious to the developmental competence of mammalian oocytes and embryos, although the mechanism is still unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock (HS) on the alteration of intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) of matured pig oocytes by two different calcium releasing agents. Porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes were aspirated from the follicles (3–6 mm) and subjected to standard in vitro maturation procedure for 42 h. Matured oocytes were then randomly allocated to different heat treatments at 41.5°C for 0 (Control, C0h), 1 (HS1h), 2 (HS2h), or 4 h (HS4h). An additional control group was cultured for 4 h without heat shock (C4h). Oocytes were incubated with 2 µM fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (AM) and 0.02% pluronic F-127 in Ca2+-free PBS (40 min) following heat shock, and then washed with Ca2+-free PBS (30 min) for detection of [Ca2+]i. Fluorescent images were captured with alternative excitation wavelengths at 340/380 nm by a rotating chopper disk equipped with an Axon imaging system. Data from both experiments were analyzed by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) of the SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). In Experiment 1, matured oocytes were activated by 200 mM thimerosal (10 min) following heat treatment. The maximal [Ca2+]i in the HS2h group was the highest among all treatment groups. The lowest maximal peak of [Ca2+]i was observed in the HS4h group, but it was still higher than that in the C4h group (P < 0.05). The total amount of Ca2+ release represented by the total area of the peaks in C4h was lower than in any other groups except HS4h (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, each matured oocyte was injected with approximately 10 pL of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3, 0.5 mM); the Ca2+ transient was recorded as described in the previous experiment. The maximal value of [Ca2+]i in the C4h group was still the lowest among the heat-shocked and C0h groups (P < 0.05). The total Ca2+ release in the HS2h group was the highest among all treatment groups, but only significantly higher than the HS1h and C4h groups (P < 0.05). A similar pattern of Ca2+ release in HS-oocytes was induced by thimerosal and IP3 stimulations. These results indicate that Ca2+ releasing capacity of matured pig oocytes is enhanced by a shorter duration of heat shock, but declines after prolonged exposure of heat shock and/or in vitro culture. The differential Ca2+ releasing capacity of heat-shocked oocytes prior to fertilization revealed physiological changes of pig oocytes after heat shock. This finding provides further insight for the low fertilization and developmental competence that occurs in farm species during hot seasons.

Self-Talk in a Basketball-Shooting Task

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Theodorakis ◽  
Stiliani Chroni ◽  
Kostas Laparidis ◽  
Vagelis Bebetsos ◽  
Irini Douma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
Sports Sciences ◽  
Basketball Shooting

This study examined the effectiveness of two different types of self-talk on the performance of a basketball-shooting task. 60 physical education and sports sciences students were organized into one control and two treatment groups which used self-talk. During the experiment, the control group performed with the general instructions, whereas the self-talk groups used the cue-words “relax” and “fast,” respectively. Analysis showed that only the participants of the self-talk group who used the word “relax” improved their performance significantly as compared to the other two groups. It appears that self-talk can positively affect performance if its content is appropriate for the task performed.

scholarly journals The influence of recipe modification and nutritional information on restaurant food acceptance and macronutrient intakes

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Stubenitsky ◽  
JI Aaron ◽  
SL Catt ◽  
DJ Mela
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutritional Information ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Fat Reduction ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the influences of nutritional information and consumer characteristics on meal quality expectations, food selection and subsequent macronutrient intakes of consumers offered a reduced-fat option in a restaurant.DesignA target, full-fat (FF) main restaurant meal option was developed in a version substantially reduced in fat and energy (RF). Restaurant patrons were randomly placed into one of four treatment groups varying in provision of menu information about the target dish, and the actual version of that dish served (if ordered). A full-fat blind (FFB) control group was given no nutritional information in the menu and was served the FF version. The other three groups were all served the modified RF version: (i) reduced-fat blind (RFB), who were given no nutritional information; (ii) reduced-fat informed (RFI), who were given nutritional information; and (iii) reduced-fat informed with details (RFID), who were given the same nutritional information plus recipe modification details. Subjects rated their expected and actual liking, the pleasantness of taste, texture and appearance of the dish, how well the dish matched their expectations, and the likelihood of purchase again. Additional measures included the other dish selections, sociodemographic and attitudinal information.SettingA silver service (training) restaurant.SubjectsMembers of the public (n = 279) consuming meals in the restaurant.ResultsThe presence of nutritional information on the menu did not significantly increase subsequent intakes of energy and fat from the rest of the meal, and did not significantly influence sensory expectations or post-meal acceptance measures (which also did not differ between the FF and RF versions). Consumer characteristics relating to fat reduction attitudes and behaviours were significantly related to the selection of different dishes.ConclusionsProvision of RF alternatives in a restaurant can have significant positive dietary benefits. Menu nutritional information did not affect measures of meal acceptance. Further studies should identify which types of information formats might be most effective in enhancing the selection of ‘healthy’ options.

scholarly journals The Effect of Inference Training on Children's Comprehension of Expository Text

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Carr ◽  
Peter Dewitz ◽  
Judythe P. Patberg
Keyword(s):  
Expository Text ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Cloze Procedure ◽  
Inferential Thinking

Three procedures were used to help sixth-grade children increase inferential reading comprehension with expository text: a structured overview to activate background knowledge, the cloze procedure to develop an inferential thinking strategy, and a self-monitoring checklist to train the subjects to use the strategy independently. There were two treatment groups. One used the cloze procedure to integrate text and background knowledge and the checklist to maintain the strategy; the other used both the structured overview and the cloze procedure with the checklist. A control group read the same materials as the other two groups, but was not trained in any strategy. Posttests periodically measured the students' progress and ability to infer. Transfer and delayed transfer tests measured the application of inferential skills to untaught materials immediately after instruction and six weeks thereafter without further instruction. Results indicated that students in both treatment groups increased their inferential comprehension skills as measured by both the immediate and delayed transfer tests. Results also indicated that below average readers benefitted most from the instruction.

scholarly journals Effects of a mixture of organisms,Lactobacillus acidophilusorStreptococcus faecalison cholesterol metabolism in rats fed on a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro Fukushima ◽  
Masuo Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Organism Group

The effect of a mixture of organisms (a probiotic mixture) comprisingBacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, SaccharomycesandCandida(107–8colony-forming units/g rice bran of each component) on lipid metabolism was compared with that ofL. acidophilusand that ofS. faecalis. There were four treatment groups: rice bran (control), the mixture of organisms,L. acihphifusorS. faecds(30g/kg) were given to rats in a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 4 weeks. The serum total cholesterol concentration of the group fed on the mixture of organisms was reduced by 15–33% compared with the other groups at the end of the 4week feeding period (P< 0·05). This group also had a lower hepatic cholesterol concentration (36–44%) than the two single-bacteria groups (P< 0·05). 3-Hydmxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A reductase (NADPH; EC 1.1.1.34) activities of the mixed-organism andL. acidophifusgroups were significantly lower (61–63%) than those of the other groups (P< 0·05); the activity of the S. faecalis group was also signikantly lower (42%) than that of the control group (P< 0·05). The faecal cholesterol and bile acid concentrations of the mixed-organism group increased compared with those of theL. acidophilusandS. faecalisgroups (P< 0·05). The capacity of the mixed- organism cells to bind bile saltin vitrowas significantly higher (approximately 50%) than that of the singlebacteria cells (P< 0·05). On the other hand, cholesterol micelle formation for the mixed-organism cells was significantly (approximately 9%) lower than that of the singlebacteria cells (P< 0·05). These results indicate that the mixture of organisms decreased the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver and increased the loss of steroids from the intestine, in rats. Thus, the mixture of organisms had a hypocholeaterolaemic role

scholarly journals Combined effect ofLactobacillus acidophilusandβ-cyclodextrin on serum cholesterol in pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alonso ◽  
J. Fontecha ◽  
P. Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Individual

AbstractA total of twenty-four Yorkshire gilt pigs of 6–7 weeks of age were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of the inclusion of two dietary factors (cholesterol rich, 3 %β-cyclodextrin (BCD) andLactobacillus acidophiluscultures) on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in blood serum. Pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups (n6). Total serum cholesterol concentrations decreased after 3 weeks in all the experimental treatment groups, including diets with BCD,L.acidophilusor both. Similar trends were observed for serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental treatments. No statistically significant differences from the control group were observed in either total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P<0·05) for each of the individual treatment groups: BCD orL.acidophilus. However, significant differences in total serum cholesterol concentrations were observed when comparing the combined treatment group (BCD andL.acidophilus) with the control group, which consisted of a basal diet and sterile milk. The combined treatment group exhibited 17·9 % lower total serum cholesterol concentration after 3 weeks. Similar significant differences were observed when comparing the combined effect experimental group with the control group after 3 weeks. The combined treatment group exhibited 27·9 % lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

scholarly journals Treatment with Linezolid or Vancomycin in Combination with Rifampin Is Effective in an Animal Model of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusForeign Body Osteomyelitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1182-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paschalis Vergidis ◽  
Mark S. Rouse ◽  
Gorane Euba ◽  
Melissa J. Karau ◽  
Suzannah M. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Proximal Tibia ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Titanium Wire ◽  
Experimental Rat Model ◽  
Rifampin Resistance ◽  
All Treatment

ABSTRACTRifampin monotherapy was compared to the combination of linezolid or vancomycin with rifampin in an experimental rat model of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) chronic foreign body osteomyelitis. MRSA was inoculated into the proximal tibia, and a titanium wire was implanted. Four weeks after infection, rats were treated intraperitoneally for 21 days with rifampin alone (n= 16), linezolid plus rifampin (n= 14), or vancomycin plus rifampin (n= 13). Thirteen animals received no treatment. At completion of treatment, qualitative cultures of the wire and quantitative cultures of the bone (reported as median values) were performed. Quantitative cultures from the control, rifampin monotherapy, linezolid-plus-rifampin, and vancomycin-plus-rifampin groups revealed 4.54, 0.71, 0.10, and 0.50 log10CFU/gram of bone, respectively. The bacterial load was significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to that in the control group. Rifampin resistance was detected in isolates from 10, 2, and 1 animal in the rifampin, linezolid-plus-rifampin, and vancomycin-plus-rifampin groups, respectively. Cultures of the removed wire revealed bacterial growth in 1 and 2 animals in the rifampin and linezolid-plus-rifampin groups, respectively, with no growth in the vancomycin-plus-rifampin group and growth from all wires in the untreated group. In conclusion, we demonstrated that combination treatment with linezolid plus rifampin or vancomycin plus rifampin is effective in an animal model of MRSA foreign body osteomyelitis in the context of retention of the infected foreign body.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) PADA PAKAN KOMERSIAL UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV) PADA IKAN MAS, Cyprinus carpio

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Taukhid Taukhid ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
All Treatment

Riset dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi teknik pengendalian penyakit KHV pada ikan mas melalui penggunaan imunostimulan yaitu penambahan vitamin C pada pakan komersial dengan dosis yang berbeda telah dilakukan pada skala laboratorium. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah penambahan vitamin C jenis CFC-90 (microencapsulated vitamin C) pada pakan komersial dengan berbagai dosis yaitu: (A) tanpa vitamin C, sebagai kontrol, (B) vitamin C sebanyak 250 mg/kg pakan, (C) vitamin C sebanyak 500 mg/kg pakan, (D) vitamin C sebanyak 750 mg/kg pakan, dan (E) vitamin C sebanyak 1.000 mg/kg pakan. Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 (tiga) kali. Pada hari ke-15, seluruh kelompok perlakuan diinfeksi KHV secara buatan dengan teknik kohabitasi. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tingkah laku, gejala klinis, dan mortalitas ikan uji yang dilakukan setiap hari hingga akhir percobaan. Rataan persen sintasan ikan uji tertinggi pada akhir riset diperoleh pada penambahan vitamin C sebanyak 750 mg/kg pakan yaitu sebesar 82,22%; diikuti dengan penambahan vitamin C 250 mg/kg pakan sebesar 70,00%; vitamin C 1.000 mg/kg pakan sebesar 61,11%; vitamin C 500 mg/kg pakan sebesar 58,89%; sedangkan rataan sintasan terendah diperoleh pada kelompok kontrol yaitu sebesar 27,78%.Research with the aim to evaluate the technique of KHV disease control carp through the use of immunostimulatory namely the addition of vitamin C in commercial diet with different doses have been performed in a laboratorial scale. The treatment applied was the addition of vitamin C of CFC-90 (microencapsulated vitamin C) in the commercial diet with different doses, namely: (A) without vitamin C, as control, (B) Vitamin C 250 mg/kg feed, (C) vitamin C of 500 mg/kg feed, (D) Vitamin C 750 mg/kg feed, and (E) of vitamin C as much as 1,000 mg/kg feed. Each treatment was repeated three times. On day 15th, all treatment groups were artificially infected with KHV using cohabitation techniques. Observations conducted to monitor behavior, clinical symptoms and mortality of fish tests were done every day until the end of the experiment. The highest mean percent of survival rate was recorded in treatment D by adding vitamin C as much as 750 mg/kg of feed that was equal to 82.22%, followed by the addition of vitamin C 250 mg/kg diets at 70.00% (treatment B), Vitamin C 1,000 mg/kg feed amounted to 61.11% (treatment E), vitamin C 500 mg/kg diets at 58.89% (treatment C), while the lowest average of survival rate was obtained in the control group that was equal to 27.78%.

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