A simulation study of erosion in the Emerald Irrigation Area

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carroll ◽  
R. D. Connolly ◽  
D. M. Freebairn ◽  
J. Francis ◽  
D. M. Silburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Storage

Sedimentation in the drainage network of the Emerald Irrigation Area (near Emerald, Queensland), as a result of erosion from irrigated farms, is a serious problem. Deposited sediment changes the hydraulic characteristics of the drains causing flooding and is difficult and expensive to remove. We used the GLEAMS erosion model to simulate a range of management strategies aimed at reducing sedimentation in the drains by reducing erosion at the bay/field scale or retaining eroded sediment on-farm. GLEAMS was set up and tested using data measured at the rainfall simulator (12 m2), furrow (0·2–0·3 ha), and bay (20–30 ha) scales. Comparisons of measured with predicted sediment transport indicated the model accurately reproduced effects of several management treatments on sediment transport and the size distribution of eroded sediment at the bay scale. To reproduce accurately size distribution of eroded sediment, though, an important parameter, clay content of surface soil, had to be substantially distorted from measured values. GLEAMS was used to simulate sediment transport from a typical farm producing irrigated cotton. Management strategies simulated included conventional (bare), stubble retained, cover in the tail-drain, drip irrigation, and addition of a silt-trap and storage. The most effective management strategies for reducing erosion and sediment transport at the bay scale were stubble retained and drip irrigation. Stubble retained+drip irrigation almost eliminated sediment transport. Addition of a silt-trap and storage with conventional management reduced sediment transport off-farm by 45%. Use of a silt-trap with improved field management further reduced sediment transport. Erosion and sediment transport at the bay scale was sensitive to changes in the furrow/tail-drain layout. Changes in the furrow/tail-drain layout from the original design should be undertaken carefully so as not to increase sediment transport off-farm.

Study on Precast Concrete Girders Curing System Based on Automatic Drip Irrigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 857 ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
Xiao Bin Sun ◽  
Sili Li ◽  
Bo Tian ◽  
Ji Liang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Concrete Structure ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Concrete Girders ◽  
Irrigation Technology ◽  
Database Technology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Storage

It is difficult to control quality for precast concrete girders in curing, so we set up the curing system of precast concrete girders with computer networks, automatic control of drip irrigation technology, database technology and two-dimensional code technology, With which we can control concrete girders curing continuously. Achieve well curing results, and storage the precast girders curing process temperature and humidity data, provide the data basis for quality assessment and acceptance of post-concrete structure.

scholarly journals Integration of various scales for measurement of insomnia

2021 ◽  
pp. 263208432110100
Author(s):  
Satyendra Nath Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Equivalent Test ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

Background Scales for evaluating insomnia differ in number of items, response format, and result in different scores distributions and score ranges and may not facilitate meaningful comparisons. Objectives Transform ordinal item-scores of three scales of insomnia to continuous, equidistant, monotonic, normally distributed scores, avoiding limitations of summative scoring of Likert scales. Methods Equidistant item-scores by weighted sum using data-driven weights to different levels of different items, considering cell frequencies of Item-Levels matrix, followed by normalization and conversion to [1, 10]. Equivalent test-scores (as sum of transformed item- scores) for a pair of scales were found by Normal Probability curves. Empirical illustration given. Results Transformed test-scores are continuous, monotonic and followed Normal distribution with no outliers and tied scores. Such test-scores facilitate ranking, better classification and meaningful comparison of scales of different lengths and formats and finding equivalent score combinations of two scales. For a given value of transformed test-score of a scale, easy alternate method avoiding integration proposed to find equivalent scores of another scales. Equivalent scores of scales help to relate various cut-off scores of different scales and uniformity in interpretations. Integration of various scales of insomnia is achieved by finding one-to-one correspondence among the equivalent score of various scales with correlation over 0.99 Conclusion Resultant test-scores facilitated undertaking analysis in parametric set up. Considering the theoretical advantages including meaningfulness of operations, better comparison, use of such method of transforming scores of Likert items/test is recommended test and items, Future studies were suggested.

Experimental and numerical investigations on a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blown film cooling with a new design of the counter-flow/radial jet air-ring

2021 ◽  
pp. 875608792110260
Author(s):  
ME Ismail ◽  
MM Awad ◽  
AM Hamed ◽  
MY Abdelaal ◽  
EB Zeidan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Blown Film ◽  
Set Up

This study experimentally and numerically investigates a typical HDPE blown film production process cooled via a single-lip air-ring. The processing observations are considered for the proposed subsequent modifications on the air-ring design and the location relative to the die to generate a radial jet, directly impinging on the bubble. Measurements are performed to collect the actual operating parameters to set up the numerical simulations. The radiation heat transfer and the polymer phase change are considered in the numerical simulations. The velocity profile at the air-ring upper-lip is measured via a five-hole Pitot tube to compare with the numerical results. The comparison between the measurements and the numerical results showed that the simulations with the STD [Formula: see text] turbulence model are more accurate with a minimum relative absolute error (RAE) of 1.6%. The numerical results indicate that the peak Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) at the impingement point for the modified design with radial jet and longer upper-lip is 29.1% higher than the original design at the same conditions. Besides, increasing the air-ring upper-lip height increased the averaged HTC, which is 13.4% higher than the original design.

Cyber Place Management and Crime Prevention: The Effectiveness of Cybersecurity Awareness Training Against Phishing Attacks

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622110016
Author(s):  
Sinchul Back ◽  
Rob T. Guerette
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Research University ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Place Management ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Virtual Domain ◽  
The Impact

Criminologists and crime prevention practitioners recognize the importance of geographical places to crime activities and the role that place managers might play in effectively preventing crime. Indeed, over the past several decades, a large body of work has highlighted the tendency for crime to concentrate across an assortment of geographic areas, where place management tends to be absent or weak. Nevertheless, there has been a paucity of research evaluating place management strategies and cybercrime within the virtual domain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of place management techniques on reducing cybercrime incidents in an online setting. Using data derived from the information technology division of a large urban research university in the United States, this study evaluated the impact of an anti-phishing training program delivered to employees that sought to increase awareness and understanding of methods to better protect their “virtual places” from cybercrimes. Findings are discussed within the context of the broader crime and place literature.

scholarly journals A Webgis Framework for Disseminating Processed Remotely Sensed on Land Cover Transformations

2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Caradonna ◽  
Antonio Novelli ◽  
Eufemia Tarantino ◽  
Raffaela Cefalo ◽  
Umberto Fratino
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Mediterranean regions have experienced significant soil degradation over the past decades. In this context, careful land observation using satellite data is crucial for understanding the long-term usage patterns of natural resources and facilitating their sustainable management to monitor and evaluate the potential degradation. Given the environmental and political interest on this problem, there is urgent need for a centralized repository and mechanism to share geospatial data, information and maps of land change. Geospatial data collecting is one of the most important task for many users because there are significant barriers in accessing and using data. This limit could be overcome by implementing a WebGIS through a combination of existing free and open source software for geographic information systems (FOSS4G). In this paper we preliminary discuss methods for collecting raster data in a geodatabase by processing open multi-temporal and multi-scale satellite data aimed at retrieving indicators for land degradation phenomenon (i.e. land cover/land use analysis, vegetation indices, trend analysis, etc.). Then we describe a methodology for designing a WebGIS framework in order to disseminate information through maps for territory monitoring. Basic WebGIS functions were extended with the help of POSTGIS database and OpenLayers libraries. Geoserver was customized to set up and enhance the website functions developing various advanced queries using PostgreSQL and innovative tools to carry out efficiently multi-layer overlay analysis. The end-product is a simple system that provides the opportunity not only to consult interactively but also download processed remote sensing data.

Periphytic microbial response to environmental phosphate bioavailability – relevance to P management in paddy fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchao Zhang ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
Chao Ma ◽  
Xiangyu Hu ◽  
Henry H Teng
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Extracellular Metabolite ◽  
Microbial Response ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Water Ecosystems ◽  
And Storage

Periphyton occurs widely in shallow-water ecosystems such as paddy fields and plays critical parts in regulating local phosphorus cycling. As such, understanding the mechanisms of the biofilm’s response to environmental P variability may lead to better perceptions of P utilization and retention in rice farms. Present study aims at exploring the biological and biochemical processes underlying periphyton’s P buffering capability through examining changes in community structure, phosphorus uptake and storage, and molecular makeup of exometabolome at different levels of P availability. Under stressed (both excessive and scarce) phosphorus conditions, we found increased populations of the bacterial genus capable of transforming orthophosphate to polyphosphate, as well as mixotrophic algae who can survive through phagotrophy. These results were corroborated by observed polyphosphate buildup under low and high P treatment. Exometabolomic analyses further revealed that periphytic organisms may substitute S-containing lipids for phospholipids, use siderophores to dissolve iron (hydr)oxides to scavenge adsorbed P, and synthesize auxins to resist phosphorus starvation. These findings not only shed light on the mechanistic insights responsible for driving the periphytic P buffer but attest to the ecological roles of periphyton in aiding plants such as rice to overcome P limitations in natural environment. Importance The ability of periphyton to buffer environmental P in shallow aquatic ecosystems may be a natural lesson on P utilization and retention in paddy fields. This work revealed the routes and tools through which periphytic organisms adapt to and regulate ambient P fluctuation. The mechanistic understanding further implicates that the biofilm may serve rice plants to alleviate P stress. Additional results from extracellular metabolite analyses suggest the dissolved periphytic exometabolome can be a valuable nutrient source for soil microbes and plants to reduce biosynthetic costs. These discoveries have the potential to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in general and to refine P management strategies for rice farm in particular.

The Pressure Dependence of the Archie Cementation Exponent for Samples from the Ordovician Goldwyer Shale Formation in Australia

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhiqi Zhong ◽  
Lionel Esteban ◽  
Reza Rezaee ◽  
Matthew Josh ◽  
Runhua Feng
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Shale Formations ◽  
Fluid Saturation ◽  
Confining Pressures ◽  
Log Interpretation

Summary Applying the realistic cementation exponent (m) in Archie’s equation is critical for reliable fluid-saturation calculation from well logs in shale formations. In this study, the cementation exponent was determined under different confining pressures using a high-salinity brine to suppress the surface conductivity related to the cation-exchange capacity of clay particles. A total of five Ordovician shale samples from the Canning Basin, Australia, were used for this study. The shale samples are all illite-rich with up to 60% clay content. Resistivity and porosity measurements were performed under a series of confining pressures (from 500 to 8,500 psi). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to obtain porosity and pore-size distribution and to detect the presence of residual oil. The complex impedance of samples was determined at 1 kHz to verify the change in pore-size distribution using the POLARIS model (Revil and Florsch 2010). The variation of shale resistivity and the Archie exponent m at different pressures is caused by the closure of microfractures at 500 psi, the narrowing of mesopores/macropores between 500 and 3,500 psi, and the pore-throat reduction beyond 3,500 psi. This study indicates that unlike typical reservoirs, the Archie exponent m for shale is sensitive to depth of burial because of the soft nature of the shale pore system. An equation is developed to predict m under different pressures after microfracture closure. Our study provides recommended experimental procedures for the calculation of the Archie exponent m for shales, leading to improved accuracy for well-log interpretation within shale formations when using Archie-basedequations.

scholarly journals Effect of termite activity on soil under different land management strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Liane Barreto Alves Pinheiro ◽  
Rodrigo Camara ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Eduardo Lima ◽  
Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Termite Mounds ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Mound-building termites are important agents of soil bioperturbation, but these species have not been extensively studied thus far. The present study aimed to evaluate the soil particle-size and the chemical attributes of termite mounds and the surrounding soil under different land use strategies. A one-hectare plot was defined for an unmanaged degraded pasture, planted pasture, and for a eucalyptus Corymbia citriodora plantation. In each plot, the top, center, and base sections of five Cornitermes cumulans mounds, and the surrounding soil at the depths of 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 cm, were sampled in the Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro state. In the three areas, the center of the mounds contained higher clay content, organic carbon, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium, total bases, and cation exchangeable capacity, when compared to the top, base, and the surrounding soils. However, the center had lower values of exchangeable acidity and potassium, of the three areas. In the eucalyptus plantation, the values of pH, total bases, calcium, and magnesium were lower, whereas aluminum, exchangeable acidity, sodium, and cation exchange capacity were higher both in the mounds and in the surrounding soil, in relation to the pastures. There were no differences among the three areas in terms of organic carbon, potassium, phosphorous, and total bases, in the mounds and adjacent soil. Thus, the termite activity altered the clay content and most of the soil chemical properties in all of the studied areas, but only for the center of the mounds. However, the effect of these organisms was different in the eucalyptus plantation in relation to the pasture areas.

scholarly journals Pan-European sustainable forest management indicators for assessing Climate-Smart Forestry in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
G. Santopuoli ◽  
C. Temperli ◽  
I. Alberdi ◽  
I. Barbeito ◽  
M. Bosela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Management Indicators ◽  
Using Data

The increasing demand for innovative forest management strategies to adapt to and mitigate climate change and benefit forest production, the so-called Climate-Smart Forestry, calls for a tool to monitor and evaluate their implementation and their effects on forest development over time. The pan-European set of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management is considered one of the most important tools for assessing many aspects of forest management and sustainability. This study offers an analytical approach to selecting a subset of indicators to support the implementation of Climate-Smart Forestry. Based on a literature review and the analytical hierarchical approach, 10 indicators were selected to assess, in particular, mitigation and adaptation. These indicators were used to assess the state of the Climate-Smart Forestry trend in Europe from 1990 to 2015 using data from the reports on the State of Europe’s Forests. Forest damage, tree species composition, and carbon stock were the most important indicators. Though the trend was overall positive with regard to adaptation and mitigation, its evaluation was partly hindered by the lack of data. We advocate for increased efforts to harmonize international reporting and for further integrating the goals of Climate-Smart Forestry into national- and European-level forest policy making.

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