Generic concepts within hornworts: historical review, contemporary insights and future directions

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Christine Cargill ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia ◽  
Juan Carlos Villarreal ◽  
R. Joel Duff
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Rbcl Sequences

Although the hornworts (anthocerotes) are a relatively small assemblage of approximately 150 species, generic boundaries and relationships within the group are controversial. The four prevailing classification schemes are based mainly on morphology and show little congruency. Here we set the foundation for contemporary phylogenetic and taxonomic studies by presenting an historical overview of generic concepts within the anthocerotes. An overview of recent morphological and molecular studies that concentrate on hornworts points to intuitive, novel relationships and a degree of diversity hitherto unknown in the group. Phylogenetically informative characters at the morphological level are identified, with emphasis on newly acquired ultrastructural data. A recent molecular analysis based on rbcL sequences is presented and the levels of suitability of several molecular markers to answer phylogenetic questions within the group are explored. On-going intensive studies that sample a wider range of species and utilise multiple genes and comprehensive morphological data are likely to revolutionise interpretations of the taxonomic relationships and character evolution within hornworts.

Taxonomic placement of Tanaecium mutabile (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) based on new morphological data and phylogenetic analyses

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 438 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-300
Author(s):  
ANNELISE FRAZÃO ◽  
LÚCIA G. LOHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

During ongoing taxonomic studies with Tanaecium, we identified some morphological disparities between Tanaecium mutabile and the remaining species of the genus. Here, we reconstruct a molecular phylogeny of Tanaecium based on two molecular markers (i.e., the chloroplast ndhF and the nuclear pepC), and a broad sampling of members of the Arrabidaea and allies clade, where Tanaecium is included. In the newly constructed phylogeny, T. mutabile is nested within Fridericia, indicating the need for taxonomic arrangements. These findings are further supported by new morphological data (e.g., venation angle, domatia type, and corolla curvature). Based on these results, we formally transfer T. mutabile into Fridericia, and propose the necessary new combination. We further designate a new lectotype for Arrabidaea muehlbergiana, a synonym of T. mutabile. Morphological comparisons between T. mutabile and other morphologically similar species are presented.

Phylogeny of the Serpula - Crucigera - Hydroides clade (Serpulidae:Annelida) using molecular and morphological data: implications for operculum evolution

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Kupriyanova ◽  
R. Bastida-Zavala ◽  
M. N. Halt ◽  
M. S. Y. Lee ◽  
G. W. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Status

The type genus of Serpulidae, Serpula Linnaeus, 1758, along with closely related genera Crucigera Benedict, 1887 and Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768, accounts for approximately one-third of all described species in the family. Although previous morphological and molecular studies unequivocally indicate that these three genera constitute a monophyletic group, the status of each genus remains unknown. In this study, the relationships among and within the genera Serpula, Crucigera, and Hydroides were investigated using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nuclear (18S and 28S rDNA) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b) genomic molecular markers plus morphology. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of Hydroides, but Serpula forms a paraphyletic basal grade and Crucigera is polyphyletic. The lack of close relationship between Hydroides and Crucigera indicates that their similar opercular features are not homologous.

A Historical Review of Creative Technologies

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy M. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides a historical overview of the emergence of the creative technologies, tracing the usage of associated terms back to the close of the Second World War. An overall analysis of the reviewed literature suggests that the growth of the field was relatively slow prior to the year 2000; however since the turn of the millennium there has been an explosion of interest. The origin of creative technology is firmly places in the engineering disciplines with a focus on soundness of technology; however over time the field has expanded to include more artistic foci. This change in focus is discussed in light of how the creative technologies are viewed today and future directions of the field are discussed.

scholarly journals Classifications of Iris L. genus at the biological and molecular levels as a basis for modern phylogenetic studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4(76)) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Mykhailo O. Troitskyi ◽  
Taisiya B. Troitska ◽  
Yurii V. Buydin ◽  
Nikita O. Miroshnichenko ◽  
Olha O. Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Functional Genomic ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Selection Of

Aim. To analyze and summarize literature data on the state of classification and taxonomy of Iris genus plants of Iridaceae family.Results and discussion. The genus Iris L. is one of the largest species of Iridaceae Juss family, which includes 1,800 species of 80 genera. Despite the fact that plants are very common as ornamental plants, there is currently no single classification for both horticultural and wild species of Iris genus. Various classifications and systems of irises have been proposed, the main difference between them is related to the understanding of the genus scope. The taxonomy of Iris genus underwent dramatic changes in the last century, especially in recent decades after the introduction of molecular methods. This paper deals with the analysis of current literature data on the existing classifications of Iris genus plants, the correspondence between taxonomic studies and the results of recent molecular studies. The data presented summarize the traditional classifications according to Rodionenko and Matthew, and also describe modern achievements in phylogenetic studies of this genus using functional genomic studies, involving molecular markers in irises. Conclusions. The data analyzed and summarized in the article can be useful for solving issues of taxonomy, phylogeny, genetics and practical problems of selection of plants of Iris genus; in addition, they will contribute to a more appropriate use of the Iris raw material in practical pharmacy.

scholarly journals Strains Differentiation of Microsporum canis by RAPD Analysis Using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 Primers

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA DOBROWOLSKA ◽  
JOANNA DĘBSKA ◽  
MAGDALENA KOZŁOWSKA ◽  
PAWEŁ STĄCZEK
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Tinea Capitis ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Reference Strains

Molecular analysis of dermatophytes (based on PCR fingerprinting) revealed high clonal differentiation between the genus and species. Microsporum canis (zoophilic dermatophyte, belonging to genus Microsporum), responsible for most cases of tinea capitis in children, tinea corporis in adults and dermatophytoses in cats, is very unique in comparison with other dermatophytes. Results of most molecular studies show that there is no clonal differentiation within M. canis as distinct from other species. The aim of this study was application of (GACA)4 repetitive primer and (ACA)5 primer for typing of M. canis strains isolated from human and animals in Central Poland. Fungal strains: 32 clinical isolates of M. canis, originated from patients from Central Poland; 11 strains isolated from infected cats (6) and dogs (7), reference strains of M. canis (CBS 113480), T rubrum (CBS 120358), T mentagrophytes (CBS 120357) and E. floccosum (CBS 970.95). The genomic DNAs of the strains were used as a template in RAPD reaction. No differentiation was observed for the analyzed M. canis strains using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 typing.

An expanded concept of Madisonia including miscellaneous species of Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): evidence from molecular analysis

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 505 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
ERIC DE CAMARGO SMIDT ◽  
A. L. V. TOSCANO DE BRITO ◽  
ANNA VICTORIA SILVÉRIO R. MAUAD ◽  
NICOLÁS GUTIÉRREZ MORALES
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Expanded Concept ◽  
New Nomenclatural Combinations

Prior taxonomic studies in subtribe Pleurothallidinae have suggested a close relationship between miscellaneous species featuring long-repent, segmented rhizomes, abbreviated ramicauls, few-flowered inflorescences, and flowers with partially connate sepals and trilobed lip. The lack of phylogenetic information for most species has prevented further conclusions or changes in their taxonomy; and as a result, they are currently assigned to several unrelated genera: Anathallis, Madisonia, Pabstiella, Pleurothallis, Sansonia and Specklinia. We performed phylogenetic analyses using nuclear (nrITS) and five plastid (matK, psbD-trnT, rps16-trnQ, trnH-psbA and trnS-trnG) markers and demonstrated that these species form an isolated clade which requires generic recognition. The name Madisonia, previously a monotypic genus endemic of the Amazon basin, is re-circumscribed and expanded to include nine species distributed in the Atlantic Rainforest and the Caribbean. Eight new nomenclatural combinations are proposed.

Digital Development and International Aid

2016 ◽  
pp. 276-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolene Fisher
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Narrative Structures ◽  
Individual Attitude ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
And Behavior

This chapter constructs a historical overview of digital games used for international development. While the decade long use of digital games in this field has seen mixed results, a trend towards gamification has continued. The various approaches to international development taken in these games are analyzed alongside the gaming goals, platforms, and narrative structures. Broadly, this chapter argues that the field of digital development games breaks down into three categories: Developing Developers, Digital Interventions, and Critical Play. Because these games are tied to larger frameworks of development thought, they are an important part of the development discourse and should be critically analyzed, regardless of their success at the level of individual attitude and behavior change. Such an analysis presents a useful way to think about what's happening in the current development field and how the trend towards gamification may impact its future directions.

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes using whole-genome sequences.

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Luis M. Rodriguez-R ◽  
Ramon Rosselló-Móra ◽  
Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Genome ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Abstract This book chapter attempts to summarize the major findings from genome-based taxonomic studies in the past two decades, and briefly describe the major genome-based approaches currently available for species identification and classification with special focus on the 'uncultivated majority' and associated limitations, as well as outlines future directions towards a truly genome-based taxonomy for prokaryotes that will equally encompass cultured and uncultivated taxa. Importantly, the need for a system to catalogue uncultivated taxa is very urgent, because the genomes and ecological/functional data that are becoming available are already overwhelming, and alphanumeric identifiers and synonyms are creating confusion of Babylonian dimensions.

The Strength of Chemotaxonomy.

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-167
Author(s):  
Nisha B. Patel ◽  
Paul A. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Extensive Reference ◽  
In Silico Methods

Abstract This book chapter discusses the history and development of chemotaxonomic methods, with examples of the application to different taxa, and with extensive reference to primary literature and reviews. The application of in silico methods utilizing information from the genome and future directions will also be discussed. The delineation of higher taxa at the family level and above may especially be aided by chemotaxonomic criteria, as demonstrated in published minimum standards. Although chemotaxonomic methods have been enormously important in the past with identification and classification schemes, it remains to be seen in what form they will be utilized in the genomic era, and in the suite of methods available in the era of omics.

Manufactured Cell Blocks: Turning Smears into Sections

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kang ◽  
Alina Miranda ◽  
Bastiaan de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Ancillary Studies

Whilst cytological smears are still the basis of cytodiagnosis, there is an increasing role for ancillary testing. Specimens obtained are not always optimal, often with limited material for ancillary studies. Several reports have described the utility of scraping material from cytological smears to manufacture cell blocks to provide material for ancillary studies. Our objective was a retrospective review of the PathWest (QE2) experience with manufactured cell blocks (mCB) over the last 10 years. A total of 178 fine-needle aspiration cases with mCB were extracted from the PathWest database. Data were subdivided into: lymph node (89), breast (31), thyroid (23), soft tissue (13), liver (11), and other sites (11) and were analysed. All available material was reviewed. Diagnostic material was identified in 163 mCB (91.6%). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 149 cases. Positive IHC staining was seen in 139 cases (93.3%) and advanced the diagnosis in 119 cases (79.9%). Molecular studies were performed on 38 mCB with adequate DNA obtained in 37 cases (97.3%). Our review has demonstrated that cellular material scraped from air-dried or prefixed smears can be made into cell blocks. Antigen preservation is adequate to provide diagnostically useful results with IHC whilst DNA integrity is preserved to allow molecular analysis.

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