Increasing trends of syphilis among men who have sex with men in high income countries

Sexual Health ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Read ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
Eric P. F. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Over Time

Background The epidemiology of syphilis, and therefore the population most impacted, differs between countries. Many developed countries have reported an increase in syphilis notifications among men who have sex with men (MSM) over the past decade. Methods: The rates of syphilis notifications between 2000 and 2013 in the 31 countries categorised by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as high income were investigated. Data was taken primarily from published national surveillance reports, and a male-to-female ratio substantially greater than two in syphilis notifications was taken as a proxy for the infection being disproportionately diagnosed in MSM. Results: Data was available for 27 high-income countries. The male-to-female ratio exceeded two in all but four countries. This ratio significantly increased across all geographical areas over time. Globally, the male-to-female ratio in these countries increased from 4.1 in 2000 to 7.9 in 2013 (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of male cases reported as being among MSM increased over time from 26.8% to 55.0% between 2000 and 2013 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data show that in countries with high income, there is a near universal finding of increasing rates of syphilis in MSM. It is therefore clear that no country has identified an effective method to control syphilis in this population.

scholarly journals Estimation of HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald ◽  
Orlando da Costa Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Ana Maria de Brito ◽  
Karin Regina Luhm ◽  
Clea Elisa Lopes Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Population Subgroup ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Male To Female

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, Recife and Curitiba, in the year of 2013. METHODS The method for estimating incidence was based on primary information, resulting from the Lag-Avidity laboratory test for detection of recent HIV infections, applied in a sample of the cases diagnosed in the two cities in 2013. For the estimation of the HIV incidence for the total population of the cities, the recent infections detected in the research were annualized and weighted by the inverse of the probability of HIV testing in 2013 among the infected and not diagnosed cases. After estimating HIV incidence for the total population, the incidence rates were estimated by sex, age group, and exposure category. RESULTS In Recife, 902 individuals aged 13 years and older were diagnosed with HIV infection. From these, 528 were included in the study, and the estimated proportion of recent infections was 13.1%. In Curitiba, 1,013 people aged 13 years and older were diagnosed, 497 participated in the study, and the proportion of recent infections was 10.5%. In Recife, the estimated incidence rate was 53.1/100,000 inhabitants of 13 years and older, while in Curitiba, it was 41.1/100,000, with male-to-female ratio of 3.5 and 2.4, respectively. We observed high rates of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men, of 1.47% in Recife and 0.92% in Curitiba. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the two cities showed that the group of men who have sex with men are disproportionately subject to a greater risk of new infections, and indicate that strategies to control the spread of the epidemic in this population subgroup are essential and urgent.

scholarly journals Men who have sex with men in China have relatively low numbers of sexual partners

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Eric Pui Fung Chow ◽  
David P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Median Number ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Sexual Partners ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Over Time

HIV prevalence is increasing rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China and potentially associated with the number of male sexual partners that each man has on average. This study estimates the distribution of the number of male sexual partners among Chinese MSM through a comprehensive review of English and Chinese published literature. The overall median number of male sexual partners of Chinese MSM in the past 6 months China was estimated to be 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-6.9) sexual partners in the past 6-month and 12-month periods respectively. An estimated 31% of sexual partners of MSM in China are regular partners, 54% are casual partners, and 16% are commercial partners. The reported numbers of sexual partners has not changed over time during the past decade. The numbers of male sexual partners reported by Chinese MSM is consistently lower than other settings and may not be sufficient to explain the recent rapid increase in HIV prevalence.

Use of traditional and alternative healers by psychiatric patients: A descriptive study in urban South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zukiswa Zingela ◽  
Stephan van Wyk ◽  
Jacques Pietersen
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Psychiatric Medication ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
Urban South ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Ethnic Distribution

This study investigates the pattern of use of traditional and alternative healers among psychiatric patients in Nelson Mandela Metropole. An interview schedule was applied to 254 subjects at six sites, enquiring about consultations with traditional and alternative healers in the past year. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine predictors of consultation. Overall, 78 (31%) of respondents had consulted a healer in the past year. The ethnic distribution was: 156 (61%) Black, 53 (21%) Coloured (Mixed Race), 42 (17%) White and three (1%) Indian. The male to female ratio was 119 (46.85%):135 (53.14%). The healers gave no advice about psychiatric medication to 48 (61.5%) of consulters, 23 (29.5%) were told to continue their medication, four (5.1%) told to stop, and one (1.3%) told to stop and restart later. In multivariate models, predictors of consultation were being Black and of lower education. Although 45 (58%) of the consulters indicated that medical treatment was more helpful than the healer’s, 45 (58%) intended to consult again. Overall, 22% of consulters reported abuse by the healer.

Histopathological Profile of Non-Haematological Paediatric Neoplasms in Hadoti Region of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (43) ◽  
pp. 2453-2457
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Bairwa ◽  
Neelu Vashist ◽  
Deepti Sukheeja
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bone Tumours ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Paediatric Tumours ◽  
Haematological Neoplasms ◽  
Benign Tumours ◽  
Male To Female

BACKGROUND Malignancy is a major cause of childhood death in developed countries. In developing countries like India, paediatric tumours are rising day by day. Proper management of paediatric tumours needs epidemiological data in various geographical areas. The present study was carried out to classify and find out the histopathological profile of solid tumours of childhood and infancy in 0 - 14 years age group from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2017. METHODS We studied histopathology reports of 173 paediatric tumours over a period of 3 years. All the biopsy cases of solid neoplasms in the age group 0 - 14 years were included. RESULTS In our study of 173 paediatric tumours, 133 (76.87 %) were benign and 40 (23.12 %) were malignant. Maximum incidence of malignant paediatric tumours was seen in the age group of 0 - 14 years [12.13 % (21 out of 173)], with male to female ratio of (1:1.3). Amongst the benign tumours, vascular tumours were most common [27.74 % (48 of 173 cases)], with highest incidence of haemangioma [68.75 % (33 of 48 cases)]. Amongst the malignant tumours, most common were bone tumours [6.35 % (11 of 173 cases)] and amongst bone tumours, Ewing’s sarcoma accounted for 63.63 % cases (7 of 11 cases). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of paediatric neoplasms in Hadoti region of Rajasthan is 0.75 % and the majority (54.33 %) of neoplasms occurred in 10 - 14 yrs. age group. KEYWORDS Histopathology, Paediatric, Non-Haematological Neoplasms

A Survey on Income Inequality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1191-1239
Author(s):  
Junsen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Over Time

After China’s recent great success in eliminating absolute poverty, addressing relative income inequality becomes a more important issue. This survey finds that income inequality rapidly increased in the first three decades since 1978 but stabilized and slightly declined in the past decade, consistent with the well-known Kuznets hypothesis. In addition to documenting the trend and patterns over time and across groups and regions, seven sources of income inequality are systematically discussed with an effort to reconcile and extend the existing literature. Furthermore, a negative correlation is documented between income inequality and intergenerational mobility, consistent with the Great Gatsby curve observed in developed countries. (JEL D31, D63, O15, P36)

scholarly journals The Hierarchy of Oral Cancer in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naik Balachandra Ramachandra
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Oral Cavity Cancer ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Economically Deprived ◽  
Village People ◽  
Male To Female

ABSTRACT Background India constitutes more than 80% of population from the villages and are not only socially and economically deprived but also do not get medical facilities compared to small towns and cities. Newspaper says India is fastest developing country, but, in respect to medical service to her citizens at rural level, it is nil. Now, oral cavity cancer is 3rd commonest cancer, which is seen commonly in village people in both sexes. We reviewed the past studies on oral cancer and the same is compared with the present trend. Oral cancer biopsies secured 29.54% among all malignant biopsies. Male to female ratio is 1:1. Majority of patients (38.5%) got oral cancer in 4th decade, followed by 35.2% patients in 3rd decade. Buccal mucosa (57.5%) was the commonest site, followed by tongue (24.2%). Gutkha (the smokeless tobacco) is commonest cause for this cancer. Conclusion Apart from chewing habits, illiteracy, poverty, low caloric diet and nonavailability of free medical facility is the cause for rise in oral cancer incidences. How to cite this article Ramachandra NB. The Hierarchy of Oral Cancer in India. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(3):143-146.

scholarly journals Clinicohistological Profile of Cutaneous Tuberculosis in Central Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mathur ◽  
SN Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cells ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Lupus Vulgaris ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Cutaneous Tuberculosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Type Giant ◽  
Male To Female

Background There are few studies on cutaneous tuberculosis in Nepal.Objective To analyse the epidemiological, clinical and histological patterns of cutaneous TB over the past 5 years.Method Patients with cutaneous tuberculosis diagnosed from January 2010 to December 2014 at College of Medical Sciences, Chitwan, Nepal were included in the study. Chest radiography, routine investigations and screening for HIV was performed in all cases.Result A total of 47 clinical cases of cutaneous tuberculosis were diagnosed. The most commonly affected age group was 41-50 years. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. Duration of cutaneous tuberculosis ranged from 1 month to 33 years. Lupus vulgaris was the most common clinical type (64%), followed by tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (19%). Two cases (4%) were diagnosed as papulonecrotic tuberculid. Overall, the most common site of involvement was extremities (55%) followed by head and neck, trunk, and perianal region. Histopathologic features of epitheloid cell granuloma with Langhans type giant cells were seen in 89% of cases, and in remaining 11% cases, chronic inflammatory dermatitis and nonspecific chronic dermatitis were observed.Conclusion M Tuberculosis is endemic in Nepal and the incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis at our centre was 0.1%. Lupus vulgaris was the most common type followed by tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in our study. Cutaneous tuberculosis can be accompanied by tuberculosis in internal organs and hence should be looked for. Clinicopathologic correlation is necessary to make a proper diagnosis.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(4) 2014; 238-241

scholarly journals Trends in the method and gestational age of abortion in high-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Popinchalk ◽  
Gilda Sedgh
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Medical Abortion ◽  
High Income ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Women’S Preferences ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundExamining the distribution of abortions by method of abortion and gestational age at time of termination provides insight about the options women may have to terminate their pregnancies. Comparing these distributions across countries and over time is an important step toward understanding the factors that can drive these distributions, including regulations and practices related to the provision of abortion services, and women’s preferences and needs.MethodsWe sought official statistics on gestational age and method of abortion for all high-income countries with liberal abortion laws. For the 24 high-income countries with available data, we calculated percentage distributions of abortions by gestational age of pregnancy and method of abortion for 2017 or the most recent year for which data were available, and assessed trends in the preceding 10 years whenever possible.ResultsMedication (or medical) abortion accounts for at least half of all abortions in the majority of countries. In the majority of countries over 90% of all abortions were completed before 13 weeks, and more than two-thirds of abortions occurred before the first 9 weeks of gestation. Over the past 10 years there has been an increase in both the proportion of abortions that were medication abortions and the proportion that were obtained before 9 weeks gestation.ConclusionsThese findings highlight changes in abortion provision in the past decade. More research is needed to understand whether the observed distributions are a function of women’s preferences or of barriers to the timing and type of care they would prefer.

Eruption cysts: a clinical report of 24 new cases

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lipa Bodner ◽  
Jed Goldstein ◽  
Haim Sarnat
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Dentigerous Cyst ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Clinical Report ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male To Female

The eruption cyst (EC) occurs within the mucosa overlying a tooth that is about to erupt. In the past EC was considered a type of dentigerous cyst (DC) occuring in the soft tissues. Twenty four patients (mean age 4.44 years, range 1.0 month - 12 years) with EC were diagnosed and treated. EC was associated with natal teeth in two (8.3%) cases, with primary teeth in 10 (41.6%) cases and with permanent teeth in 12 (50%) cases. There was a gender predilection, the male to female ratio was 2:1. The primary mandibular central incisors and the permanent first molars were the most common site affected. The clinical appearance was a raised, bluish gingival mass on the alveolar ridge. The size was variable and dependent on the size and number of the associated teeth. The type of treatment provided was one of the following: no treatment (10 cases, 42%), extraction (2 cases, 8%) and marsupialization (12 cases, 50%). All surgical specimens underwent histopathologic examination. EC should be recognized as a separate entity from DC and a conservative treatment approach is recommended.

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