scholarly journals Men who have sex with men in China have relatively low numbers of sexual partners

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Eric Pui Fung Chow ◽  
David P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Median Number ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Sexual Partners ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Over Time

HIV prevalence is increasing rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China and potentially associated with the number of male sexual partners that each man has on average. This study estimates the distribution of the number of male sexual partners among Chinese MSM through a comprehensive review of English and Chinese published literature. The overall median number of male sexual partners of Chinese MSM in the past 6 months China was estimated to be 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-6.9) sexual partners in the past 6-month and 12-month periods respectively. An estimated 31% of sexual partners of MSM in China are regular partners, 54% are casual partners, and 16% are commercial partners. The reported numbers of sexual partners has not changed over time during the past decade. The numbers of male sexual partners reported by Chinese MSM is consistently lower than other settings and may not be sufficient to explain the recent rapid increase in HIV prevalence.

scholarly journals Association between rectal douching and HIV acquisition: the mediating role of condom use and rectal bleeding in a national online sample of Chinese men who have sex with men

2020 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2019-054415
Author(s):  
Tianyi Lu ◽  
Xiang Mao ◽  
Erlei Peng ◽  
Yangyang Gao ◽  
Zhenxing Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Bleeding ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Rectal Douching ◽  
Male Sexual Partners ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Multiple Male

ObjectivesPrevious studies have demonstrated that rectal douching (RD) is associated with HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the precise mechanism underlying the association between RD and HIV remains unclear.MethodsWe recruited participants over WeChat from October 2017 to October 2018. Respondents received mailed HIV self-testing kits, uploaded images of HIV self-test results and completed an online electronic questionnaire simultaneously. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, RD practices and sexual risk behaviours. HIV status was measured as the result of the HIV self-testing. The Baron and Kenny statistical method was used to assess the association between RD and HIV, controlling for condomless anal intercourse (CAI) and rectal bleeding.ResultsOf 1365 participants, 39.93% (545/1365) reported RD in the past 6 months, 60.07% had multiple male sexual partners and 43.08% had CAI in the past 6 months. The prevalence of HIV, based on self-testing, was 3.37% (46/1365). Multivariable logistic analysis showed RD was significantly associated with bottom sexual role (adjusted OR (aOR) 14.0; 95% CI 9.8 to 20.2), having multiple male sexual partners (aOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.2), CAI (aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.6), rectal bleeding (aOR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.6) and HIV infection (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4). Baron and Kenny analysis found both CAI (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.1) and rectal bleeding (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.4) play a mediating role in the association between RD and HIV.ConclusionsOur study results confirmed the relationship between RD and HIV, and found CAI and rectal bleeding mediated HIV infection in Chinese MSM who douched. Strategies should be encouraged to strengthen health education and reduce high-risk sexual behaviour in order to reduce the risk of HIV in MSM who use enemas. Rectal microbicides may represent an efficient means of providing HIV prophylaxis among MSM.

Incidence and correlates of HIV and syphilis in a prospective cohort of men who have sex with men in Mianyang, China, over a 36-month period

Sexual Health ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Yuling Huang ◽  
Huailiang Chen ◽  
Liulin Li ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Peer Education ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Sexual Partners ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background Estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic from the China Ministry of Health show that the epidemic is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was adapted in 2009 and snowball sampling was adapted to supplement the number of participants in 2010 and 2011. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and blood tests were conducted to confirm enrolment eligibility of participants. Results: A total of 725 HIV-negative participants were included into the cohort study. The cohort had a HIV incidence density of 5.6 (95% CI: 3.9–7.3)/100 person-years (PY) and a syphilis incidence density of 5.6 (95% CI:3.7–7.6)/100 PY. Age ≤20 years (21–25 years, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.11–0.95/ ≥ 26 years, HR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05–0.66), having not participated in peer education in the past year (HR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.19–7.35), seeking male sexual partners in a public washroom/park (HR = 3.61, 95%CI: 1.03–12.47), being currently infected with syphilis (HR = 3.21, 95%CI: 1.31–7.91), having sex partners aged ≥30 years (HR = 3.40, 95%CI: 1.11–10.39) and having more than four male sexual partners within the past 6 months (HR = 3.34, 95%CI: 1.24–9.04) were found to be risk factors for HIV seroconversion (each P < 0.05). Being married (HR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.04–5.46), having not participated in peer education in the past year (HR = 2.28, 95%CI: 1.08–4.82), having limited HIV/AIDS knowledge (HR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.94–9.43) and having a sexually transmitted disease infection in the past 6 months (HR = 4.74, 95%CI: 1.83–12.30) were identified as factors for syphilis infection (each P < 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV and syphilis in Mianyang City reamained high in the cohort of MSM for 36 months. Increased attention should be given to this serious epidemic, and appropriate interventions should be implemented to address MSM-specific issues in order to prevent HIV and syphilis infection in China.

Only recent sexual partners contribute to oropharyngeal gonorrhoea positivity: the number of sexual partners over different time periods as an indicator of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection duration among men who have sex with men

Sexual Health ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Priest ◽  
Tim R. H. Read ◽  
Marcus Y. Chen ◽  
Catriona S. Bradshaw ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Centre ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Gonococcal Infection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrospective Data Analysis ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Generalised Estimating Equations

Background Mathematical models have demonstrated that the majority of gonococcal transmission is from oropharynx to oropharynx (i.e. kissing) among men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the number of partners within specific time periods and gonorrhoea and chlamydia positivity. Methods: This was a retrospective data analysis of MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between 2007 and 2016. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, with generalised estimating equations (GEE), were performed to determine if the number of partners within specified time periods was associated with site-specific gonorrhoea and chlamydia positivity. Results: There were 45933 consultations which included 15197 MSM. Oropharyngeal gonorrhoea positivity was associated with the number of partners in the past 3 months, but not the number of partners 4–12 months ago; men who had ≥6 partners in the past 3 months had significantly higher odds of acquiring oropharyngeal gonorrhoea (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.61–2.31), but this was not the case for men who had ≥6 partners 4–12 months ago. Anorectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia and urethral chlamydia were associated with the number of partners in both time periods after adjusting for age and condom use. Conclusions: The association of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea with the number of recent partners, but not partners from an earlier period, unlike anorectal gonorrhoea and anorectal and urethral chlamydia, could be explained by a shorter duration of oropharyngeal gonococcal infection. Annual screening for gonorrhoea may be insufficient to materially reduce oropharyngeal prevalence.

scholarly journals Trends in HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men from 2013 to 2017 in Nanjing, China: a consecutive cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e021955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengping Zhu ◽  
Hongjing Yan ◽  
Sushu Wu ◽  
Yuanyuan Xu ◽  
Wenjiong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Rate ◽  
Sex With Men

ObjectiveTo examine the trends of HIV prevalence, risk behaviours and HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing.DesignFive consecutive cross-sectional surveys.SettingNanjing, China.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHIV and syphilis prevalence, HIV testing rate and factors associated with HIV infection; demographic characteristics and behaviours.Results649, 669, 577, 633, 503 MSM were recruited from 2013 to 2017. HIV prevalence was 9.9%, 12.3%, 12.5%, 9.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Syphilis prevalence decreased with a range from 10.6% to 5.6%. Risk behaviours like unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and unprotected virginal sex in the past 6 months decreased, but multiple sex partners and ever used rush popper rose significantly. MSM tested for HIV in the previous year remained stable from 57.0% to 64.1% (P=0.633). Multivariate analysis showed that tested for HIV in the past year was protective factor against HIV infection. MSM who had UAI in the past 6 months, sex role as receptive and dual, diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past year and currently syphilis infected were risk factors for HIV infection.ConclusionsWe observed stable high HIV prevalence, a steady HIV testing rate, decreasing syphilis prevalence and UAI among MSM in Nanjing. However, rush popper use rose dramatically. The HIV preventive strategies for MSM including condom promotion, HIV testing expansion and reduction of rush popper use, STDs screening and standardised treatment should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections, and related preventive and risk behaviours, among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver: results from the Engage Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor A. Hart ◽  
David M. Moore ◽  
Syed W. Noor ◽  
Nathan Lachowsky ◽  
Daniel Grace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sti Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Objectives The last Canadian biobehavioural surveillance study of HIV and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) was conducted in 2010. We designed a study to measure STBBI prevalence among GBM in metropolitan Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver and to document related preventive and risk behaviours. Methods The Engage Cohort Study used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to recruit GBM who reported sex with another man in the past 6 months. At baseline, we examined recruitment characteristics of the samples, and the RDS-II-adjusted distributions of socio-demographics, laboratory-confirmed HIV and other STBBI prevalence, and related behaviours, with a focus on univariate differences among cities. Results A total of 2449 GBM were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019. HIV prevalence was lower in Montreal (14.2%) than in Toronto (22.2%) or Vancouver (20.4%). History of syphilis infection was similar across cities (14–16%). Vancouver had more HIV-negative/unknown participants who reported never being HIV tested (18.6%) than Toronto (12.9%) or Montreal (11.5%). Both Montreal (74.9%) and Vancouver (78.8%) had higher proportions of men who tested for another STBBI in the past 6 months than Toronto (67.4%). Vancouver had a higher proportion of men who used pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the past 6 months (18.9%) than Toronto (11.1%) or Montreal (9.6%). Conclusion The three largest cities of Canada differed in HIV prevalence, STBBI testing and PrEP use among GBM. Our findings also suggest the need for scale-up of both PrEP and STI testing among GBM in Canada.

Increasing trends of syphilis among men who have sex with men in high income countries

Sexual Health ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Read ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
Eric P. F. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Over Time

Background The epidemiology of syphilis, and therefore the population most impacted, differs between countries. Many developed countries have reported an increase in syphilis notifications among men who have sex with men (MSM) over the past decade. Methods: The rates of syphilis notifications between 2000 and 2013 in the 31 countries categorised by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as high income were investigated. Data was taken primarily from published national surveillance reports, and a male-to-female ratio substantially greater than two in syphilis notifications was taken as a proxy for the infection being disproportionately diagnosed in MSM. Results: Data was available for 27 high-income countries. The male-to-female ratio exceeded two in all but four countries. This ratio significantly increased across all geographical areas over time. Globally, the male-to-female ratio in these countries increased from 4.1 in 2000 to 7.9 in 2013 (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of male cases reported as being among MSM increased over time from 26.8% to 55.0% between 2000 and 2013 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data show that in countries with high income, there is a near universal finding of increasing rates of syphilis in MSM. It is therefore clear that no country has identified an effective method to control syphilis in this population.

scholarly journals Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women in China: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Yi Wang ◽  
Jun-Jie Xu ◽  
Hua-Chun Zou ◽  
Kathleen Heather Reilly ◽  
Christiana Meng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sex With Men

Objectives. To understand the current risk of HIV infection and transmission and further elucidate the underlying risk factors among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) in China.Methods. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of searching through Chinese and English available literature databases between January 2000 and June 2014 to identify articles.Results. Thirty-six articles (including 19,730 MSMW and 53,536 MSMO) met the selection criteria and the aggregated results found that MSMW have significantly higher HIV prevalence than MSMO (6.6% versus 5.4%, OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01–1.58). A higher proportion of MSMW had commercial male partners in the past 6 months (18.3% versus 12.2%, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01–2.42). Additionally, substance use in the past 6 months was significantly more frequent among MSMW than MSMO (alcohol use: 27.1% versus 13.1%, OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 2.14–2.99; illicit drug use: 5.3% versus 2.5%, OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.48–2.95).Conclusion. A higher proportion of commercial sex and substance use among MSMW may be a potentially indicative factor for significantly higher HIV prevalence compared to MSMO. Targeted interventions should aim at increasing the frequency of HIV/STIs screening and preventing high risk commercial sex and substance use among MSMW to decrease their HIV transmission to the general population.

scholarly journals An Internet-Based Self-Testing Model (Easy Test): Cross-Sectional Survey Targeting Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Never Tested for HIV in 14 Provinces of China (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Jin ◽  
Junjie Xu ◽  
M. Kumi Smith ◽  
Dong Xiao ◽  
Erica R Rapheal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
First Time

BACKGROUND With China’s explosive internet growth, activities such as socializing and partner seeking among men who have sex with men (MSM) has also become Web based through popular services such as Blued. This creates a new mode of health promotion with the potential to instantly reach large numbers of MSM, including those who rarely access traditional offline testing facilities. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the feasibility of the Easy Test in increasing access and uptake of HIV testing and treatment services among MSM and to identify demographic and behavioral predictors of program uptake to inform future implementation. METHODS A feasibility study of the Easy Test model was conducted from October 2017 to December 2017 in 14 Chinese provinces. Applicants who provided informed consent completed a self-administered questionnaire and submitted a US $5 deposit to have the free test kit delivered to their homes. Orders were then received, processed, and posted by volunteers from local community-based organizations. Once applicants submitted images of their test results, the deposit was refunded to the applicant. Those whose test results were deemed to be HIV-positive were then connected to a peer navigator to accompany the individual to follow-up medical services. A chi-squared trend test was used to assess the relationship between lifetime HIV testing volume and HIV prevalence. Logistic regression models were used to identify independent risk factors associated with two outcomes: (1) never having tested for HIV and (2) receiving an HIV-positive result. RESULTS A total of 879 individuals submitted Web-based requests for test kits. Their median age was 28 (interquartile range 24-34 years); 69.3% (609/879) had at least a college education, and 51.5% (453/879) had a monthly income between US $450 to $750; 77.7% (683/879) of the applicants submitted images of their test results, among whom 14.3% (98/683) had an HIV-positive result. Among the 42.9% (293/683) who were first-time testers, the HIV prevalence was 18.8% (55/293). Nearly three-quarters (71/98, 72.4%) of those with a positive test result were connected with a peer navigator and enrolled in treatment. Among the first-time testers, having multiple sexual partners (2-3 sexual partners: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.44, 95% CI 1.08-5.50; 4 or above sexual partners: aOR 3.55, 95% CI 1.18-10.68) and reporting inconsistent condom use in the previous 3 months (aOR 7.95, 95% CI 3.66-17.26) were both associated with an HIV-positive result. An inverse dose response relationship between lifetime HIV testing volume and HIV prevalence was also observed in this study (χ23=55.0; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The Easy Test model reached a larger portion of first-time testers, many who reported higher risk sexual behaviors. This highlights the potential for an internet-based self-test model to increase access to HIV treatment services for HIV-positive MSM in China.

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