Effect of soil variability, within and between soil taxonomic units, on simulated nitrate leaching under arable farming, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Lilburne ◽  
T. H. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Soil Variability ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Leaching Risk

A Monte Carlo approach was used to predict the effect of soil variability on nitrate leaching from 8 soil series, encompassing a wide range of drainage, texture, and age of soil development characteristics. A database of soil physical properties consisting of a minimum of 9 profiles per soil series was used to derive correlated probability distribution functions of key soil properties. The distribution functions were then used for random sampling to derive input soil-data for the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) simulation model. Variability in soil properties found within single soil taxonomic units (depth/stoniness phases of soil series) resulted in an appreciable range of predicted leaching of nitrate. Leaching from soils with greatest variability (generally shallow and stony phases) had an inter-quartile range of predicted leaching of up to 19 kg N/ha in 1992. Sensitivity analysis indicated that organic matter content, depth to the base of the upper 2 horizons, and available water storage were important drivers of variability within soil taxonomic units. Despite wide variation within soil taxonomic units, there were still clear differences between them. Effective soil depth accounted for most of this variance, which was attributed to differences in total profile available water storage. Soil drainage had some effect on risk of leaching. This effect would probably have been greater if water table effects had been accounted for. Soil series distinctions related to soil age had no significant effect of leaching risk. These results indicate that nitrogen leaching risk assessment using GLEAMS is dependent upon soil maps with accurate identification of soil depth/stoniness phases and organic matter content.

Field mobility of flumetsulam in three Mississippi soils

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen P. Murphy ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Field Mobility

Research was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the field mobility of flumetsulam in three soils of varied texture and organic matter content but constant pH (pH = 6.0 ± 0.1). Flumetsulam was monitored to a depth of 122 cm at 28, 56, and 84 days after treatment (DAT). Flumetsulam concentrations were determined by cotton bioassay, with separate standard curves for various soil–depth combinations. Following a preemergence application of flumetsulam at 224 g ai ha−1, the herbicide was primarily limited to the upper 8 cm of soil, regardless of soil type, year, or DAT. Exceptions to this typically occurred following substantial rainfall amounts early in the season. Beyond 28 DAT, no significant concentrations of flumetsulam were detected below 15 cm. Results from this research suggest that leaching is not a significant route of flumetsulam dissipation in the field.

Soil Organic Matter Content and Volumetric Water Content Affect Indaziflam–Soil Bioavailability

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Jeffries ◽  
Travis W. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Volumetric Water Content ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content

Indaziflam is a cellulose biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide for annual weed control in various agricultural systems. Sporadic cases of unacceptable injury to desirable plants have been reported after indaziflam application, which may have been due to conditions favoring increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability. Research was conducted from 2013 to 2015 on a sandy soil to elucidate the effects of soil organic matter content (SOMC) and soil volumetric water content (SVWC) on indaziflam–soil bioavailability. Indaziflam was applied (50 or 100 g ha–1) at fall only, fall plus spring, and spring only timings to plots in a factorial arrangement of SOMC, pre–indaziflam application (PrIA) SVWC, and post–indaziflam application (PoIA) SVWC. After application, field soil cores were collected for a subsequent greenhouse bioassay experiment, where foliage mass reduction of perennial ryegrass seeded from 0 to 15 cm soil depth was used as an indicator of indaziflam–soil bioavailability throughout the profile. Significant edaphic effects were observed at 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5, and 5 to 7.5 cm depths, with increased bioavailability at low compared with high SOMC. Pre–indaziflam application SVWC did not affect bioavailability, whereas PoIA high SVWC increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability at 2.5 to 7.5 cm depth compared with PoIA low SVWC. Low SOMC–PoIA high SVWC decreased perennial ryegrass foliage mass 40 and 37% at 5 to 7.5 cm depth from cores collected 10 and 14 wk after treatment, respectively, whereas reductions from all other SOMC–PoIA SVWC combinations were < 12% and did not vary from each other. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed a moderate, positive relationship between perennial ryegrass mass reductions at 0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5, 0 to 5, and 0 to 10 cm depths and hybrid bermudagrass cover reduction, which suggests conditions favoring increased indaziflam–soil bioavailability can adversely affect plant growth. Data from this research will aid land managers to use indaziflam effectively without adversely affecting growth of desirable species.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLEYSOLIC SOILS IN THE LOWLANDS OF QUEBEC

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
G. R. MEHUYS
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Clay-rich soils were sampled in the agricultural areas of Montreal, Quebec and Lake St-Jean. Undisrupted soil blocks and bulk samples were taken by horizon in the Ste-Rosalie, Kamouraska and Normandin soil series. Aggregate stability increased with the organic matter content. Bulk density was generally highest in the B horizons. Porosity ranged from 39 to 56% of the total soil volume and the most representative pore diameter varied from 0.706 to 0.048 μm with the largest diameter being found in the Ap horizons. The distribution of porosity among large, medium and small pores in the Ste-Rosalie soil differed from that in the Kamouraska and Normandin soils. In the former, medium pores accounted for only a few percent of total porosity, while the pores were more evenly distributed in the latter soils. Medium pore contents decreased, while small pore contents increased, with increasing clay contents. No significant relationship was observed between large pores and clay percentages. Hydraulic conductivity, with mean values ranging from 3.5 to 109.3 cm/h, was significantly related to the large pore class.

scholarly journals Restorative effects of amendments on artificially degraded soils in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-132
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Yield Reduction

An evaluation of the productivity of degraded alfisols at Makurdi and Otobi, Nigeria, using artificial desurfacing techniques (ADT) was carried out in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The study was a split-split plot experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The soil was desurfaced at 0 – 5, 0 – 10, 0 – 15, 0 – 20 cm and the undesurfaced soil, 0 cm (control) depths. The restorative amendments were 9 t ha-1 of poultry dropping as an organic source of manure, N:P2O5:K2O as an inorganic source of manure and zero application as control. Soybean variety TGX 1448-2E and maize variety, Oba super II were used as test crop. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly (P = 0.05) lower at 20 cm (29.08 cm hr-1 ), but did not differ significantly at 0 to 10 cm depths. Soil pH of 5.58 was recorded at 0 cm depth and it decreased to 5.05 at 20 cm depth. Also, organic matter content (1.71 – 1.00 g kg-1 ), total nitrogen (0.12 – 0.08 g kg-1 ) as well as CEC (7.39 – 6.24 cmol kg-1 ) recorded a significant decrease with increase in soil depth from 0 to 20 cm depths. Application of poultry manure increased total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity as well as organic matter content across desurfaced depths. Soybean number of leaves was significantly (P = 0.05) reduced at 4, 7, and 10 WAP with increased topsoil removal. The highest grain yield of soybean (1474 kg ha-1 ) was recorded on poultry manure treated plots which were significantly higher (p = 0.05) than other treatments. Application of poultry manure caused 20 % soybean yield reduction at 5 depth, and a 56 % reduction at 20 cm depth.

Effect of Tillage and Cover Crop on Fluometuron Adsorption and Degradation under Controlled Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake A. Brown ◽  
Robert M. Hayes ◽  
Donald D. Tyler ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
No Till

Fluometuron adsorption and degradation were determined in soil collected at three depths from no-till + no cover, conventional-till + no cover, no-till + vetch cover, and conventional-till + vetch cover in continuous cotton. These combinations of tillage + cover crop + soil depth imparted a range of organic matter and pH to the soil. Soil organic matter and pH ranged from 0.9 to 2.5% and from 4.7 to 6.5, respectively. Fluometuron adsorption was affected by soil depth, tillage, and cover crop. In surface soils (0 to 4 cm), fluometuron adsorption was greater in no-till + vetch plots than in conventional-tilled + no cover plots. Soil adsorption of fluometuron was positively correlated with organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Fluometuron degradation was not affected by adsorption, and degradation empirically fit a first-order model. Soil organic matter content had no apparent effect on fluometuron degradation rate. Fluometuron degradation was more rapid at soil pH > 6 than at pH ≤ 5, indicating a potential shift in microbial activity or population due to lower soil pH. Fluometuron half-life ranged from 49 to 90 d. These data indicate that tillage and cover crop may affect soil dissipation of fluometuron by altering soil physical and chemical properties that affect fluometuron degrading microorganisms or bioavailability.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ROOT PLANTS AND LITTER ON SOIL MACROPOROSITY, INFILTATION RATE AND EROSION

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Hanggari Sittadewi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
High Infiltration

Plant roots and litter produced by tree that grow have an important role in the entry of rainwater into the soil (infiltration) as water storage in the future. The effects of plant roots and litter on increasing infiltration rate is due to increased soil macroporosity. The presence of roots that spread in various layers in the soil profile will further increase the organic matter content of the soil and loosen the soil thereby increasing soil macroporosity. In addition, dead roots will form empty spaces that can be filled by infiltration water, as well as active roots that have gaps between roots and soil that can be filled infiltration water. The high infiltration rate will reduce the amount of excessive runoff water so as to reduce the occurrence of erosion.

scholarly journals The accumulation of copper in soils of the Italian region Emilia-Romagna

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toselli ◽  
P. Schiatti ◽  
D. Ara ◽  
A. Bertacchini ◽  
M. Quartieri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Management System ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

The investigation was carried out in 2005, on 30 plots chosen in the Central-Eastern part of the Emilia Romagna region, and cultivated with pear, grapevine and vegetable crops under the organic management system. For each crop, 5 plots with a level of calcium carbonate > 10% and 5 plots with a level of calcium carbonate < 3% were selected. For pear and vine, soil analyses were performed at the depths of 0–20 cm and 20–50 cm, for vegetable at the depth of 0–50 cm. Organic matter content was higher in pear-cultivated plots, followed by grapevine and vegetable crops. Copper application rate, from 1998 to 2004, was higher in pear and grapevine than in vegetable plots. Soil total and DTPA-extractable Cu were higher in pear and grapevine than in vegetable-cultivated plots. Soil DTPA-extractable Cu concentration was higher in the upper horizon than at 20–50 cm soil depth. The increase of total Cu in pear and vine-cultivated plots was combined with the increase of soil inactive Cu.

scholarly journals Effect of Topography and Soil Depth on Clay Content, Organic Matter Content, Active Acidity, Reserve Acidity and Cation Exchange Capacity of Some Tea Soils of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
A. F. M. Sanaullah ◽  
M. Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
M. A. Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Topographic Positions

Soil samples were collected from M. R. Khan tea-estate area of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. Organic matter, active acidity, reserve acidity, cation exchange capacity, clay content and textural class of the collected soil samples for different topographic positions and depths were determined. The percentage of sand, silt and clay varied from 59.75 to 70.50, 12.50 to 20.00 and 14.50 to 22.75, respectively. Active acidity and reserve acidity of the soils varied from 4.13 to 5.82 and 3.46 to 4.84, respectively.  Organic matter content varied from 0.37% to 1.93%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from 11.42 to 24.86 cmolKg-1. Soils were acidic in nature with considerably high reserve acidity. The measured parameters of the soil samples were plotted and analyzed with reference to topography and depth. The parameters have been found to vary with sampling sites, depths and topography.

Field persistence of bioavailable flumetsulam

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Glen P. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall

Field research was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to monitor the dissipation of flumetsulam in five Mississippi soils for a period of 16 wk. These soils allowed evaluation of flumetsulam persistence across three soil series with a relatively constant soil pH of 6.0, as well as across three soils of varied pH from 6.0 to 7.6 within a constant soil series. Bioavailability was determined with a rice root length bioassay. Predicted half-lives ranged from 20 to 26 d in 1994 and from 23 to 46 d in 1995. Persistence decreased with increasing cumulative rainfall and decreasing organic matter content (within a range of 1.2 to 3.5%). Soil pH had no measurable effect on flumetsulam persistence.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

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