MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Mangrove ecosystem has high productivity both ecologically and economically. Mangroveecosystems have the ability to store high carbon which is useful in supporting the reduction ofgreenhouse gas emissions. The results of previous studies have shown that mangroveecosystems are able to store carbon three to four times greater than terestrial forests. Most ofthe carbon are stored in the soil. Therefore, ecosystem mangroves have an important role tomitigate climate change. However, mangroves can be effective in supporting the mitigation ofcarbon dioxide emissions if mangrove deforestation rates are low. However, mangroves canstill contribute with great potential when conservation are maintained to increase future carbonstocks through restoration and prevent further emissions from deforestation. Existing data andprior research indicate that mangrove forests are threatened due to mangrove coveragereduction. This is caused by changes in land use. There are many conversions of mangrovesinto cultivation ponds, as well as conversions into agricultural land such as paddy fields andpastures, accompanied by an increase in demand for oil palm which causes land clearing. Inaddition, the population around the coastal area is increasing, resulting in the clearing ofmangrove land for infrastructure development such as road and port construction. In order toreduce the rate of mangrove deforestation, it is necessary to conserve and restore mangroves.By preserving mangrove forests, not only maintain carbon stocks for climate change mitigationbut also facilitate adaptation to climate change such as sea level rise.

EFFECTS OF ROOT PLANTS AND LITTER ON SOIL MACROPOROSITY, INFILTATION RATE AND EROSION

Plant roots and litter produced by tree that grow have an important role in the entry of rainwater into the soil (infiltration) as water storage in the future. The effects of plant roots and litter on increasing infiltration rate is due to increased soil macroporosity. The presence of roots that spread in various layers in the soil profile will further increase the organic matter content of the soil and loosen the soil thereby increasing soil macroporosity. In addition, dead roots will form empty spaces that can be filled by infiltration water, as well as active roots that have gaps between roots and soil that can be filled infiltration water. The high infiltration rate will reduce the amount of excessive runoff water so as to reduce the occurrence of erosion.

STUDI B-VALUE SEBAGAI ANALISIS SEISMISITAS BERDASARKAN DATA GEMPABUMI PERIODE 1914-2020 (STUDI KASUS : PROVINSI BENGKULU)

Salah satu Provinsi di pulau sumatera yang paling rentan terhadap bencana gempa bumi ialah Provinsi Bengkulu, yang wilayahnya terletak pada zona pertemuan lempeng tektonik Indo- Australia dan Eurasia yang merupakan pemicu utama tingginya aktivitas gempa bumi di wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi distribusi kegempaan, b-value, a-value, periode ulang gempa bumi dan kemungkinan gempa di wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu dengan menggunakan metode Maximum Likelihood. Data gempabumi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data gempabumi dari katalog USGS tahun 1914-2020 kurun waktu 106 tahun dengan magnitudo completness 5.3 dan kedalaman (h) ? 8.9 km yang berlokasi di 5o 40’– 2o 0’ LS dan 40’ – 104o 0’ BT. Data latitude dan longitude di bagi menjadi 2 bagian berdasarkan sebaran episenter gempa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi kegempaan di Provinsi Bengkulu sebanyak 1442 kejadian gempa selama 106 tahun terakhir. Distribusi kegempaan di Provinsi Bengkulu cukup tinggi. Dari analisis menggunakan software ZMAP diperoleh dari hasil distribusi b-value wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu terlihat wilayah laut memiliki b-value yang cenderung lebih rendah dengan variasi 1.5–1.9, dengan wilayah perairan laut Bengkulu timur hingga tenggara merupakan wilayah dengan variasi b-value tertinggi. Sedangkan untuk b-value wilayah darat dengan variasi yang lebih tinggi yaitu antara 2.8–3.2, yang merupakan Wilayah yang dekat dengan pinggir pantai dengan periode ulang gempa dengan magnitudo 6-7 berkisar antara 4 – 7000 tahun.

ANALYSIS OF CAUSES OF SUBSIDENCE IN THE AREA NEAR UJUNGNEGORO STATION, BATANG REGENCY

Changes in human activities from time to time increase rapidly. This activity requires the support of a reliable transportation network. Railroad land transportation is the main choice to overcome the impasse of human mobility and distribution of goods. It is known that this type of transportation does not intersect with other means of transportation so that it is free from congestion. For the sake of smoothness and safety in the use of trains, proper maintenance of the rail network is needed. Land subsidence supporting the railroad tracks is a common event that disrupts the functioning of the railroad and is part of maintenance. One of the subsidence that often occurs on the railroad tracks is a subsidence on the railroad tracks around Ujungnegoro Station. To find out the cause, an analysis of geoelectric data, groundwater basin conditions and local topography has been carried out on it. The results of the analysis that have been carried out conclude that the clay content factor and the concentration of water flow are the main factors causing subsidence.

THE ROLE OF DISASTER-RESILIENT VILLAGES SUPPORTING TOURISM IN BADUNG DISTRICT

Badung Regency is a very famous tourist destination to foreign countries. However,most of these tourist destination areas are located in disaster-prone areas. This studyaims to determine the role of disaster-resilient villages in providing security and comfortto tourists visiting tourist objects. This study used a descriptive-analytic method with adesk study design. Disaster Resilient Villages / Kelurahan are villages that have theindependent ability to adapt and face potential disaster threats. Currently, there are 31disaster-resilient villages in Badung Regency, most of which are tourist destinationareas. In disaster-resilient coastal areas, the potential for tsunami disasters, highlandareas are potentially affected by landslides. The prevention and mitigation efforts thathave been carried out by the Badung Regency Government include; build an earlywarning system, install warning signs, carry out disaster simulations and disseminateinformation to the public.

STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR EMBANKMENTS WITH GEOELECTRICITY

The collapse of the embankment is a problem that needs attention to find the right solution, so that the risk can be minimized. The condition of the embankment is influenced by the strength of the soil layer of the embankment, groundwater flow in the embankment, the condition of the water level of the embankment and human activities around the embankment. Changes in the quality of soil density in the embankment can form cavity zones within the embankment which cause changes in groundwater flow patterns in the embankment. The degradation of the soil layer of the embankment can cause piping, overtopping which is the cause of erosion of the embankment body and disturbs the stability of the embankment. Therefore, to determine the condition of the embankment soil layer, research on the stability of the embankment has been carried out using the geoelectric method at the location of the embankment in the Cipancuh and Penjalin reservoirs, so that an image of the embankment soil layer is obtained to determine the cavity zones in the embankment, the flow pattern in the embankment soil layer. Keywords: cavity zones, flow patterns, geoelectric methods, the stability of the embankment.

REGRESION MODEL OF COVID-19 MEDICAL HARZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION BASED ON MAXIMUM BEDS CAPACITY OF REGIONAL HOSPITALS IN DKI JAKARTA

The Covid-19 pandemic disaster in DKI Jakarta has shown a significant increasing in confirmed positive cases starting in September 2020, resulting in the re-implementing of Large-Scale Social Distancing (PSBB). The main factor that led to the re-implementing of the PSBB in DKI Jakarta is the limited bed capacity in the 67 Covid-19 referal Local General Hospitals (RSUD). Handling Covid-19 patients requires more medical equipment such as masks, glasses, protective clothing and so on, which will increase the rate of medical waste generation. This study will discuss the prediction of minimum and maximum generation of Covid-19 medical hazardous waste (B3) in 67 Covid-19 referal RSUD in DKI Jakarta which can be calculated based on the maximum capacity of available isolation and ICU beds during the period 23 August - 4 October 2020 and the average of medical waste generation per patient treated. From the prediction, a regression model of increasing number of minimum and maximum medical hazardous waste produced in several Covid-19 referal RSUD in DKI Jakarta can be made. Keywords: covid-19, hazardous waste, hospital, maximum capacity, regression model.

REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BASED ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN BANTEN PROVINCE

Banten Province is one of the areas prone to disaster, because it has various hazards of disaster. On the other side, the process of regional development continues as well as all human activities. To handling these problems, disaster risk reduction efforts are needed by taking into account the regional developments. The purposes of this research are to identify the level of disaster risk, the level of regional development, and to find out the relationship between disaster risk and the level of regional development in Banten Province. This research was conducted using the literature study method, by searching and studying various literatures. Data analysis was performed using scoring techniques and an integrated model of the relationship between regional development and disaster risk, with the unit of analysis is district/ city. The results showed that there were 2 typologies of the relationship between disaster risk and regional development in Banten Province, 5 districts/ cities (Pandeglang Regency, Lebak Regency, Tangerang Regency, Serang Regency and Tangerang City) in typology I (high) and 3 districts/ cities (Cilegon City, Serang City, and Tangerang Selatan City) in typology III (low). Keywords: hazard, vulnerability, capacity, disaster risk, regional development, banten province.

QUICK ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR CANISTER STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF INA-CBT

Canister in the Ina-CBT (Indonesian Cable-Based Tsunameter) system is a structure to protect underwater sensor system. Canister and sensor system form the OBU (Ocean Bottom Unit) system. This OBU is connected by land via submarine cable. This canister is used to protect the sensor system from the underwater leakage and water pressure. Because the location of the OBU can usually reach a depth of thousands of meters in the sea, the water pressure on the OBU becomes very large. As an illustration, for a depth of 1000 meters, the pressure on the canister wall is 1 ton per square meter. For this reason, a strong canister structure is needed to withstand water pressure without damage. The strength of this structure can be analyzed using a structural analysis program. However, if a change in pressure and dimension is needed, it needs to be re-modeled to determine its strength which requires time. Therefore a study of a method to determine quickly the strength of the canister is carried out. The results show that this method is very useful to quickly determine the dimensions and initial weight of the canister due to the external pressure load of sea water. For example, with SS 316 L stainless steel material and a canister inner radius of 100 mm, the canister is suitable for further design only for external pressures up to 30 MPa. For pressures above 30 MPa, the thickness and weight of the canisters are becoming impractical for onboard handling. Keywords: canister, ina-cbt, strength, water pressure, quick method.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON METAL MINERAL COMMODITIES IN INDONESIA AND THEIR MITIGATION IN MINING ACTIVITIES

The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, has affected all mining sectors. The price of mining materials index is very low due to the Covid-19 pandemic and also when compared to other pandemics such as SARS, HN1, and Ebola. The price of the metal index such as iron, aluminum, nickel, zinc, copper) almost all fell and only high gold metals are increasingly expensive. The large mining companies continue their production and they use health protocols. For the continuity of mining operations, the company creates stages and strategies in mining operations (teamwork schedule, employee location, working time, number of workers, evacuation of employees). For the continuity of the company's operations, the company plans: responding to an emergency situations (pandemic), build the company's resilience, recover the company from impact, develop an action plan and build the foundation of the company to rise in the new normal time. The company conducts mitigation and protection individually and in groups and creates health campaigns digitally. In mining operations, the company develops its operational activities by implementing health protocols such as avoiding many people and making mine operational plans that follow health protocols. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, mineral commodity, index value, health mitigation.