Soil sampling bulk-density in the coastal lowlands of South-East Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Land Evaluation ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Site Classification ◽  
Core Sampler ◽  
Diameter Core ◽  
Size Interaction ◽  
Coastal Lowlands

Bulk density is commonly measured in compaction, cultivation, land evaluation and site classification studies in forestry. Typically, measurements are made using a small-diameter core sampler (an integral open drive sampler) which is manually driven into the soil profile. The study reported in this paper was designed to determine the effects of sampler size on bulk density estimates, and to identify optimal sampling intensities for the coastal lowlands of south-east Queensland. Four sampler sizes were tested (internal diameters of 3.48, 4.83, 5.98 and 9.12 cm, and all approximately 10 cm in length). All sampler sizes provided consistent estimates of bulk density for a range of soil types and conditions. The accuracy of bulk density assessment was not improved by increasing sampler diameter beyond 5.98 cm. The results suggested that the core sampler technique can be used efficiently in a wider range of soil conditions than that recommended in the literature. Comparison of variances estimated for the four sampler sizes indicated no significant differences between either sampler size or site, and no significant 'site by sampler size' interaction. A single pooled estimate of variance was therefore used to recommend sampling intensities for coastal lowland soils. With any of the samplers used in this study, five replications will provide a point estimate of bulk density with a precision of � 0.1 g cm -3; at the 95% probability level.

The nature of changes in bulk density with water content in a cracking clay

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Berndt ◽  
KJ Coughlan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Water ◽  
Density Relationship ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Diameter Core ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Water Contents

The effect of changing water content on the bulk density of undisturbed cores of a cracking clay was examined in laboratory experiments. The results were compared with the relationship between bulk density and water content established by core sampling the same soil in the field. Over the water content range measured in the field soil, the laboratory cores shrank three-dimensionally and normally. Small departures from normal shrinkage were attributed to the formation of cracks within the cores, and to the occurrence of some structural shrinkage in cores previously wet to high water contents. Swelling of cores was approximately three-dimensional, except for some unconfined swelling which occurred in the core surface. Unidimensional swelling was induced by confining dry cores to reduce the void ratio before wetting. Subsequent shrinkage was three-dimensional, indicating that the soil particles were reoriented during the unidimensional swelling phase. While the laboratory measurements showed that the soil volume changes were essentially three-dimensional and normal, the field data indicated that unidimensional shrinkage occurred at water contents greater than 0.47 g g-1. These field results were attributed to sampling inaccuracies associated with the use of a small-diameter core sampler, the actual field bulk density relationship being considered three-dimensional.

scholarly journals Draft Requirement of Two Animal - Drawn Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Weeders

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Y. A. Unguwanrimi ◽  
A. M. Sada ◽  
G. N. Ugama ◽  
H. S. Garuba ◽  
A. Ugoani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Loam Soil

Draft requirements of two animal – drawn (IAR) weeders operating on loam soil were determined in the study. The implements include a straddle row weeder and an emcot attached rotary weeder evaluated under the same soil conditions, using a pair of white Fulani breed of oxen. The animal draft requirement was first estimated from the animal ergonomics measurements. Using area of 0.054 hectare as experimental plot for each implement the draft requirement of each implement was investigated after taking soil samples for soil moisture content and bulk density determinations. The implements tested showed variation in their average draft requirement. The straddle row weeder had the highest value of 338.15 N respectively while the emcot attached rotary weeder had the lowest value of 188.12 N with 47.03%, respectively. The average soil moisture contents and bulk density were 13.0% and 1.46%/cm3, respectively.

Effect of Nano, Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Some Soil Physical Properties and Soybean Productivity in Saline Soil

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-57
Author(s):  
Kh. A. Shaban ◽  
M. A. Esmaeil ◽  
A. K. Abdel Fattah ◽  
Kh. A. Faroh
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions

A field experiment was carried out at Khaled Ibn El-waleed village, Sahl El-Hussinia, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during two summer seasons 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of NPK nanofertilizers, biofertilizers and humic acid combined with or without mineral fertilizers different at rates on some soil physical properties and soybean productivity and quality under saline soil conditions. The treatments consisted of: NPK-chitosan, NPK-Ca, humic acid, biofertilzer and control (mineral NPK only). In both seasons, the experiment was carried out in a split plot design with three replicates. The results indicated a significant increase in the soybean yield parameters as compared to control. There was also a significant increase in dry and water stable aggregates in all treatments as compared to control. The treatment NPK-Chitosan was the best in improving dry and stable aggregates. Also, hydraulic conductivity and total porosity values were significantly increased in all treatments due to increase in soil aggregation and porosity that led to increase in values of hydraulic conductivity. Values of bulk density were decreased, the lowest values of bulk density were found in NPK-chitosan treatment as a result of the high concentration of organic matter resulted from NPK-chitosan is much lighter in weight than the mineral fraction in soils. Accordingly, the increase in the organic fraction decreases the total weight and bulk density of the soil. Concerning soil moisture constants, all treatments significantly increased field capacity and available water compared to control. This increase was due to improvement of the soil aggregates and pores spaces which allowed the free movement of water within the soil thereby, increasing the moisture content at field capacity.

scholarly journals A new soil core sampler for determination bulk density in soil profile

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Prikner ◽  
F. Lachnit ◽  
F. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Core Sampler ◽  
Inner Diameter

The portable soil core sampler was engineered for gradual sampling of soil profile in the depth up to 0.5 m, which ensures extraction of the whole sample volume of soil profile in determinable depth. The portable soil core sampler was compared with the professional soil probe Eijkelkamp P1.31 (Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Netherlands) in field conditions. The portable sampler was compared with the physical soil sample rings in laboratory conditions to eliminate all of possible restrictive aspects affecting the procedure of measurement. The portable soil core sampler with inner diameter 71 mm, depth 120 mmenables gradually take samples of soil profile by step of 50 mmand is able to detect possible local extremes. On the other hand a soil probe is not able to reach desired accuracy in taking of a&nbsp;soil sample. Values measured from a soil probe approximately taken by step of 150 mmare inaccurate. The values of bulk density of both sampling methods were variable at significant interval from 40 into 80 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Different values could be caused by soil profile condition and by the use of different sampling methods. The design of a portable soil sampler should be of assistance in fast and precise soil profiling sample collection, which is required to determine bulk density of the soil, its variance depending on moisture content in soil compaction determining criteria.

The prediction of understory vegetation by environmental factors for the purpose of site classification in forestry: an example from northern Ontario using residual ordination analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Carleton ◽  
R. K. Jones ◽  
G. Pierpoint
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Site Classification ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Local Composition ◽  
Ecosystem Classification ◽  
Ordination Analysis

Problems arise in the use of understory vegetation as an indicator of site condition in that impermanent factors such as microclimate, succession, and chance may play significant roles in determining local composition. Residual ordination analysis is a method which facilitates quantification of the sources of variation in understory vegetation over a landscape. Here it is applied to survey data, representing 250 stands upon which the forest ecosystem classification programme for the Clay Belt portion of northeastern Ontario is based, to test the premise that vegetation types will differentiate soil conditions for forestry purposes. Ordination of the data by detrended correspondence analysis yielded a bivariate scatterplot which, through visual appraisal, seemed readily interpretable in terms of site-related nutrient and moisture gradients. Formal exploration, using canonical redundancy analysis, yielded the following predictive model: understory vegetation (detrended correspondence analysis axes 1 and 2) = soils (67%) + canopy (8%) + succession (1%) + error (24%). Extraction of residual ordinations confirmed this general model and demonstrated that although canopy and successional influences are minor in the data, they are significant. Because the nonsite-related, predictable components account for only 9% of the variation at most, the premise of the existing forest ecosystem classification system is judged to be sound insofar as the data upon which it is based adequately describe the range of commercial stand conditions normally encountered. The results are discussed in relation to vegetation survey design and the performance of residual ordination analysis on a large data set is assessed.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACTION PATTERNS DUE TO MACHINERY OPERATION IN AN ORCHARD SOIL

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. V. RAGHAVAN ◽  
E. MCKYES ◽  
M. CHASSÉ ◽  
F. MÉRINEAU
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Compaction Test ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Ray Density

A series of tests was performed in a field, freshly prepared and ready for the planting of new trees, to study the pattern of soil density changes under different loads, soil conditions, tire sizes and numbers of passes using a gamma-ray density meter. The change in soil bulk density varied from 0.08 g/cc to 0.48 g/cc for increasing numbers of traverses of tractor and sprayer. The soil bulk density achieved after 15 passes with a tractor and sprayer approximated both the maximum bulk density obtained with a standard Proctor compaction test and the maximum bulk density that has been observed in adjacent orchards that are 30–40 yr old.

scholarly journals Penetration resistance according to penetration rate, cone base size and different soil conditions

Bragantia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dias Valadão Junior ◽  
Aloísio Biachini ◽  
Franciele Caroline Assis Valadão ◽  
Rodrigo Pengo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Base Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of penetration rate and the size of the cone base on the resistance to penetration under different soil moistures and soil bulk density. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with the factors, soil bulk density of 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3, soil moisture at the evaluation of 0.16 and 0.22 kg kg-1, penetration rates of 0.166 and 30 mm s-1 and areas of the cone base of 10.98 and 129.28 mm² resulting in 32 treatments with 8 replicates. To ensure greater uniformity and similarity to field conditions, samples passed through cycles of wetting and drying. Only the interaction of the four factors was not significant. Resistance values varied with the density of the soil, regardless of moisture and penetration rate. Soil penetration resistance was influenced by the size of the cone base, with higher values for the smallest base independent of moisture and soil bulk density. The relationship between resistance to penetration and moisture is not always linear, once it is influenced by soil bulk density. Reduction in the area of the cone leads to an increase in the soil resistance to penetration.

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