Assessment of an Approximate Lethal Dose Technique for Determining the Relative Susceptibility of Non-Target Species to 1080-Toxin

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Calver ◽  
JC Mcilroy ◽  
DR King ◽  
JS Bradley ◽  
JL Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Mainland Population ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Murid Rodents ◽  
Rattus Fuscipes ◽  
Approximate Lethal Dose ◽  
Population Sensitivity

The susceptibility of eight species of dasyurid marsupials and five species of murid rodents from the pastoral areas of Western Australia to the toxin sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) was assessed. Both LD*5O tests and an increasing dose procedure to determine the approximate lethal dose (ALD) were used. The results ranged from a low ALD of 1.6 mg kg-1 for an island population of Pseudomys hermannsburgensis to a high of 20 mg kg-1 for a mainland population of Notomys mitchelli. Intraspecific and regional variation in sensitivity was evident: three populations of P. hermannsburgensis showed widely different ALDS, and high ALDS were found in the Millstream area relative to elsewhere in the pastoral regions. Where both ALD and LD*5O were available, the dose response curve was steep; all LDSOS were less than a factor of 1.5 above the ALD. LD*5O values and ALDS were significantly correlated for selected dasyurids and murids, using published data. A computer simulation based on sampling a standard number of animals from 10 theoretical populations differing only in their LD~O confirmed that ALD and LD*5O gave similar rankings of sensitivity, although high variance on the LD~O reduced the strength of the correlation. Actual dosing data from eight populations of Rattus fuscipes were also analysed; both LD*5O and ALD gave similar rankings of population sensitivity. Subject to assumptions about the variability of sensitivity within a population, the ALD offers an alternative to LD~O testing that requires fewer animals, and need not cause more than one death per population tested.

Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Propagated in NaCl Containing Media at 4, 25 and 37°C

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC R. MYERS ◽  
SCOTT E. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Listeriolysin O ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Approximate Lethal Dose

Virulence, as determined in a mouse model, and virulence factor activities of catalase (CA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and listeriolysin O (LLO), was examined in Listeria monocytogenes 10403S. Cells were propagated in media containing various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) at 4, 25 and 37°C. Strain 10403S exhibited significant increases in CA activity and LLO when grown in media containing 428 mM of NaCl at 37°C. The CA activities at 4 and 25°C were significantly less, and the cells exhibited similar increases and decreases as cells grown at 37°C. When comparing the growth temperatures, the CA activity decreased as the growth temperature decreased. The SOD activity was significantly increased only when cells were propagated in media containing either 428 or 1,112 mM of NaCl. The SOD activity increased as the growth temperature decreased. No LLO activity was detected when cells were grown at 4 and 25°C. The production of these enzymes appeared to be thermoregulated. In addition, approximate lethal dose (ALD50) values were determined after intragastric (i.g.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. Each method of infection indicated that LLO was required for virulence, while growth in salt containing media, growth at 4°C, or the production of higher levels of CA, SOD and LLO did not appear to influence the virulence of L. monocytogenes.

Larval ecology of Rana arvalis: an allopatric island population compared with a sympatric mainland population

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Rana Arvalis ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Mainland Population ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Specific Species

AbstractRana arvalis has escaped its mainland competitor Rana temporaria on the Baltic island of Gotland. Larvae from mainland and island R. arvalis populations were raised in inter- as well as intraspecific regimes of different densities. Gotlandian larvae had a longer larval period and a lower growth rate than mainland conspecifics at the provided densities. The Gotlandian larvae did not respond more strongly to competition with R. temporaria than mainland larvae, but they seemed to have lost competitive ability in general. When competing with a stronger competitor, this loss of competitive ability in general is predicted to give the same effect as a loss of competitive ability towards that specific species.

Assessing the effects of anticoagulant rodenticides on non-target fish species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rachelle Catharine-Rose Riegerix
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Coral Reef Fish ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
Anticoagulant Rodenticides

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Invasive rat species have negatively affected island ecosystems contributing to the decline and extinction of many endemic species. The eradication of rodents on islands can leads to restoration of native ecosystems. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been an effective tool for rat eradication on many oceanic island systems (Wilmer et al 2007). The Hawaiian Islands, USA have used first generation AR, diphacinone (DPN), for pest and rodent control. Rodent populations, found on the Hawaiian Islands, have not only caused the extinction small shorebird and plant populations but have also been in direct competition for resources. ARs, in the form of a bait pellet containing 0.005% DPN, have been aerially and hand broadcast across the islands. Aerial broadcasting via helicopter has allowed for remote islands with uneven and dangerous terrain. Successful Hawaiian rodent eradications have occurred on Kure Atoll, Mokoli'i Island, and Mokapu Island. Lehua Island, a remote and uninhabited island near Ni'ihau, successfully eradicated rabbits in 2006 but was unable to eradicate the rodent population via aerial broadcasting of DPN in 2009. Following this attempt in 2009, a fish mortality event was reported on Ni'ihau and a dead whale calf also was found around the same time. Analysis of the affected fish were done and found no rodenticide in tissues. Despite these results, concerns of AR exposure to non-target species such as fish were voiced by the public. To determine AR effects on coral reef fish found in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey was asked to address their sensitivity as a prerequisite of another DPN aerial broadcast over Lehua Island. In December 2016, we presented our preliminary findings, which were used in the planning processes of an aerial broadcast which was conducted in August 2017. My dissertation research used acute toxicity testing, tissue analysis, and pharmacokinetics to determine the relative sensitivity of fish species to ARs. The primary objectives for my dissertation were (1) determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of three common ARs in four fish species. (2) Assess AR concentrations in fish tissues over time, effects on clotting, and AR half-lives in fish tissue. and (3) Evaluate diphacinone concentrations in coral reef fish species muscle and liver pre and post-aerial broadcasting. Direct toxicity to ARs does not appear to be a primary concern as not only did fish in this study refuse to eat rodenticide dosed bait pellets in the lab aquaria but in comparison to target and non-target species, they appear to be less sensitive. Exposure to ARs delays clotting in fish species. There is a lag-time of effects to clotting time (up to 24 hours) but clotting times return to baseline or control values between 5-7 days post dosing. DPN and BROD half-lives in fish tissues, plasma, muscle, and liver were fairly rapid. DPN and BROD half-lives in plasma were longer than half-lives in muscle and the target organ, liver. I found no detectable or quantifiable amount of DPN in the sixteen species of coral reef fish liver and muscles samples examined from Lehua Island, Hawaii. Overall, these studies suggest that the use of rodenticides near waterways with a possibility of accidental exposure to fish species, should have little to no effect on fish communities.

scholarly journals The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea S. Camperio Ciani ◽  
Claudio Capiluppi ◽  
Antonio Veronese ◽  
Giuseppe Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Mainland Population ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Culture And Language

Whether differences in personality among populations really exist and, if so, whether they are only due to cultural and linguistic differences or have a genetically selected adaptive value, is a controversial issue. In this research, we compared three Italian populations living on three small archipelagos in the Tyrrhenian Sea (n = 993), with their corresponding neighbouring mainlanders (n = 598), i.e. sharing the same geographical origin, culture and language. We used an adjective‐based Big Five questionnaire in order to measure personality traits in four categories of individuals for each archipelago/mainland population: (1) original islanders; (2) non‐original islanders; (3) mainlanders and (4) immigrants to the islands. We further analysed original and non‐original islanders who had or had not emigrated from the islands. We found that islanders had different personality traits from mainlanders, the former being more conscientious and emotionally stable and less extraverted and open to experience. We also found that the subgroup of islanders whose ancestors had inhabited their island for about 20 generations in isolation (original islanders, n = 624) were less extraverted and open to experience than immigrants (n = 193). In contrast, immigrants retained the typical personality profile of the mainland populations. Lastly, emigrants from the islands (n = 209) were significantly more extraverted and open to experience than original and non‐original islanders who had never left their island (n = 741). We hypothesise that population differences in extraversion and openness to experience are more probably related to genetic differences which evolved rapidly, presumably through an active gene flow produced by selective emigration from the islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia II. Bait type, placement, lures and non-target uptake

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Moseby ◽  
J. L. Read ◽  
B. Galbraith ◽  
N. Munro ◽  
J. Newport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Live Prey ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Poison Baiting

Context Poison baits are often used to control both foxes and feral cats but success varies considerably. Aims This study investigated the influence of bait type, placement and lures on bait uptake by the feral cat, red fox and non-target species to improve baiting success and reduce non-target uptake. Methods Six short field trials were implemented during autumn and winter over a five-year period in northern South Australia. Key results Results suggest that poison baiting with Eradicat or dried kangaroo meat baits was inefficient for feral cats due to both low rates of bait detection and poor ingestion rates for baits that were encountered. Cats consumed more baits on dunes than swales and uptake was higher under bushes than in open areas. The use of auditory or olfactory lures adjacent to baits did not increase ingestion rates. Foxes consumed more baits encountered than cats and exhibited no preference between Eradicat and kangaroo meat baits. Bait uptake by native non-target species averaged between 14 and 57% of baits during the six trials, accounting for up to 90% of total bait uptake. Corvid species were primarily responsible for non-target uptake. Threatened mammal species investigated and nibbled baits but rarely consumed them; however, corvids and some common rodent species ingested enough poison to potentially receive a lethal dose. Conclusions It is likely that several factors contributed to poor bait uptake by cats including the presence of alternative prey, a preference for live prey, an aversion to scavenging or eating unfamiliar foods and a stronger reliance on visual rather than olfactory cues for locating food. Implications Further trials for control of feral cats should concentrate on increasing ingestion rates without the requirement for hunger through either involuntary ingestion via grooming or development of a highly palatable bait.

Acute Toxicity in Rats of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Given via the Intratracheal Route

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie P. McCarty ◽  
Donal C. Flannagan ◽  
Scot A. Randall ◽  
Keith A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Approximate Lethal Dose

1 The approximate lethal dose (ALD) of six chlorinated hydrocarbons via the intratracheal route has been determined in rats and compared with published oral LD50 values. 2 The compounds tested in this study were dichloromethane, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ethylene dichloride. 3 A method of administering the materials intratracheally to unanaesthetized animals was developed. 4 The intratracheal ALD of the chlorinated hydrocarbons ranged from 3.1 to 17.5% of the oral LD 50 and death was peracute. 5 Aspiration of chlorinated hydrocarbons may present more of a hazard than oral toxicity and should be considered when rendering first aid or emergency medical treatment.

SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY OF THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Massé ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
John Dedes
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Spray Chamber ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

AbstractA droplet-imbibing assay was used to assess the susceptibility of third-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, to Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing 12.7 billion international units (IU) per litre. We observed an LD50 of 1.17 IU/larva for third instars, as compared with 3.96 IU/larva for fifth instars. Comparison with previously published data on susceptibility of later instars revealed that third instars were two-to three-fold more susceptible to Foray 48B than fourth and fifth instars and about eightfold more susceptible than sixth instars. Vulnerability of third instars to simulated aerial spray deposits was investigated by using potted balsam firs, Abies balsamea L. Potted trees were infested in the greenhouse when the buds were starting to swell, using a density of about one newly emerged second-instar larva per bud. When 90% of the larvae had reached the third instar and 52% of the buds were breaking (4 d after infesting), infested twigs were harvested and sprayed with undiluted Foray 48B in a spray chamber. Spray droplets on the buds measured between 25 and 125 μm in diameter, with 80% having a diameter of 80 μm or less. A density of 4.2 ± 1.0 droplets per bud resulted in spruce budworm mortality of 83.4 ± 4.0% and a corresponding reduction in larval density of 86.5 ± 3.9% (means ± SD, n = 6) after 5 d at 25 °C. Results of the spray chamber test suggest that third-instar spruce budworms were able to acquire a lethal dose, despite their concealed feeding habits.

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