Why the evolution of vaccine resistance is less of a concern than the evolution of drug resistance

Vaccines and antimicrobial drugs both impose strong selection for resistance. Yet only drug resistance is a major challenge for 21st century medicine. Why is drug resistance ubiquitous and not vaccine resistance? Part of the answer is that vaccine resistance is far less likely to evolve than drug resistance. But what happens when vaccine resistance does evolve? We review six putative cases. We find that in contrast to drug resistance, vaccine resistance is harder to detect and harder to confirm and that the mechanistic basis is less well understood. Nevertheless, in the cases we examined, the pronounced health benefits associated with vaccination have largely been sustained. Thus, we contend that vaccine resistance is less of a concern than drug resistance because it is less likely to evolve and when it does, it is less harmful to human and animal health and well-being. Studies of pathogen strains that evolve the capacity to replicate and transmit from vaccinated hosts will enhance our ability to develop next-generation vaccines that minimize the risk of harmful pathogen evolution.

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Looking forward to the next 70 years: from a National Ill-Health Service to a National Health System

Health Economics Policy and Law ◽

10.1017/s1744133118000099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

David J. Hunter

Keyword(s):

National Health Service ◽

Local Government ◽

Health Service ◽

Health System ◽

21St Century ◽

National Health ◽

National Health System ◽

Well Being ◽

Tipping Point ◽

Health And Well Being

AbstractAmidst the NHS’s (National Health Service) success lies its major weakness, although one that Klein overlooks in his reflections on the NHS as it approaches 70. The focus on, and investment in, curing ill-health has been at the expense of attending to the public’s overall health and well-being. This preoccupation poses a greater threat to the NHS’s future than privatisation. Despite the weakness having been diagnosed decades ago, redressing the imbalance has proved stubbornly hard to achieve. Rhetoric has not been translated into reality. Yet, we may be on the cusp of a tipping point where in order to ensure a sustainable NHS, and one that is capable of meeting the 21st century challenges facing it, there is a renewed and overdue interest in promoting health and well-being in communities. But for this to succeed, the NHS will need to embrace its bete noire, local government.

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Global Activism, Advocacy, and Transformation

Integrative Nursing ◽

10.1093/med/9780199860739.003.0041 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 526-538

Author(s):

Deva-Marie Beck ◽

Barbara M. Dossey ◽

Cynda H. Rushton

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Human Health ◽

21St Century ◽

Nursing Shortage ◽

Well Being ◽

Change Agency ◽

Knowing That ◽

The United Nations ◽

Health And Well Being ◽

Millennium Goals

In almost every nation, the severe and chronic global nursing shortage continues to threaten the health and well-being of people across the globe. Florence Nightingale’s legacy of activism is closely aligned with integrative nursing and the United Nations Millennium Goals. Together, they lay out a bold agenda that calls nurses to a way of being-doing-knowing that embraces activism, advocacy and transformation. As 21st century Nightingales, our own deep personal and professional integrative nursing mission can continually transform our own lives, thus allowing each of us to become effective catalysts for human health and to sustain our change agency for global transformation.

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Future Directions of Gamification in Education

10.4018/978-1-6684-3710-0.ch007 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 141-150

Author(s):

Robert Costello

Keyword(s):

Mobile Learning ◽

21St Century ◽

Well Being ◽

Learning Theories ◽

Future Directions ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Pokémon Go ◽

As Stress ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Health And Well Being

The use of technology within the 21st century to assist with Millennials provides the opportunity to explore unique opportunities for designing new approaches not just for education but also for the industry. Bridging communities helps with retention and engagement and supports through a variety of different devices too, for example, VR, AR, mobile learning, massively multiplayer online (MMOs) like Pokémon Go to sensory devices like the Kinect. It is these combinations of technology mixed with learning theories that can have a positive effect while addressing various health and well-being issues such as stress and depression. This chapter explores a variety of topics and how to bridge the gap with several scenarios while providing useful insights on opportunities and challenges.

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Opportunities for identifying animal health and well-being disorders using precision technologies

Large Dairy Herd Management ◽

10.3168/ldhm.1595 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1279-1292

Author(s):

C. S. Petersson-Wolfe ◽

N. M. Steele ◽

T. H. Swartz ◽

B. T. Dela Rue

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Well Being ◽

Health And Well Being

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Voldemort’s “Unusual Evil”

The Supervillain Reader ◽

10.14325/mississippi/9781496826466.003.0016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 172-180

Author(s):

Adam Davidson-Harden

Keyword(s):

21St Century ◽

Pop Culture ◽

Well Being ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

Health And Well Being

This essay takes readers from the 15th to the 21st century, and shows how midwives, “these educated and trusted, yet non-conforming women were uniquely imperiled by their learnedness and vocation, one critical to the survival, health, and well-being of their communities,” and how this conflation of knowledge, gender, and persecution continues (and is sometimes contested) in contemporary pop culture representations. Midwifes were often the targets of hysterical claims of witchcraft, which some argue has been blown out of proportion. Widows and unmarried women were also targeted. Midwives were often highly trained and skillful medical practitioners.

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The Australian and New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium: a study protocol for investigating mental health and well-being across generations

Longitudinal and Life Course Studies ◽

10.1332/175795920x15792720930280 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 267-281

Author(s):

Craig A Olsson ◽

Elizabeth Spry ◽

Primrose Letcher ◽

Helena McAnally ◽

Kim Thomson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

New Zealand ◽

Life Histories ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

Emotional Health ◽

Well Being ◽

Next Generation ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

Health And Development ◽

Health And Well Being

The Australian New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium (ANZ-ICC) brings together three of the longest running intergenerational cohort studies in Australia and New Zealand to examine the extent to which preconception parental life histories (from infancy to parenthood) predict next generation early health and development. The aims are threefold: (1) to describe pathways of advantage that strengthen emotional health and well-being from one generation to the next, (2) to describe pathways of disadvantage that perpetuate cycles of emotional and behavioural problems across generations, and (3) to identify modifiable factors capable of breaking intergenerational cycles. The Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study has followed 1,943 young Australians from adolescence to adulthood across ten waves since 1992, and 1,030 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2006. The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study has followed 2,443 young Australians from infancy to adulthood across 15 waves since 1983, and 1170 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2012. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study Parenting Study has followed 1,037 young New Zealanders across 15 waves since 1972, and 730 offspring in early childhood since 1994. Cross-cohort replication analyses will be conducted for common preconception exposures and next generation offspring outcomes, while integrated data analysis of pooled data will be used for rare exposures and outcomes. The ANZ-ICC represents a unique collaboration that bridges the disciplines of lifecourse epidemiology, biostatistics, developmental psychology and psychiatry, to study the role of parental preconception exposures on next generation health and development.

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Promoting Positive Adolescent Health and Well-Being, Thriving in the 21st Century: Implications for Research, Programs, and Policies

Journal of Adolescent Health ◽

10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 656-657

Author(s):

Tamera Coyne-Beasley ◽

Bonnie Halpern-Felsher

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Health ◽

21St Century ◽

Well Being ◽

Research Programs ◽

Health And Well Being

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‘Next Generation Youth Well-being Study:’ understanding the health and social well-being trajectories of Australian Aboriginal adolescents aged 10–24 years: study protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028734 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e028734 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lina Gubhaju ◽

Emily Banks ◽

James Ward ◽

Catherine D’Este ◽

Rebecca Ivers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

Longitudinal Data ◽

Child Protection ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Well Being ◽

Next Generation ◽

Australian Aboriginal ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Multiple Challenges ◽

Health And Well Being

IntroductionAustralian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as ‘Aboriginal’) adolescents (10–24 years) experience multiple challenges to their health and well-being. However, limited evidence is available on factors influencing their health trajectories. Given the needs of this group, the young age profile of the Aboriginal population and the long-term implications of issues during adolescence, reliable longitudinal data are needed.Methods and analysisThe ‘Next Generation: Youth Well-being Study’ is a mixed-methods cohort study aiming to recruit 2250 Aboriginal adolescents aged 10–24 years from rural, remote and urban communities in Central Australia, Western Australia and New South Wales. The study assesses overall health and well-being and consists of two phases. During phase 1, we qualitatively explored the meaning of health and well-being for adolescents and accessibility of health services. During phase 2, participants are being recruited into a longitudinal cohort. Recruitment is occurring mainly through community networks and connections. At baseline, participants complete a comprehensive survey and undertake an extensive age relevant clinical assessment. Survey and clinical data will be linked to various databases including those relating to health services; medication; immunisation; hospitalisations and emergency department presentations; death registrations; education; child protection and corrective services. Participants will receive follow-up surveys approximately 2 years after their baseline visit. The ‘Next Generation’ study will fill important evidence gaps by providing longitudinal data on the health and social well-being of Aboriginal adolescents supplemented with narratives from participants to provide context.Ethics and disseminationEthics approvals have been sought and granted. Along with peer-reviewed publications and policy briefs, research findings will be disseminated via reports, booklets and other formats that will be most useful and informative to the participants and community organisations.

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PSV-19 Preliminary exploration of caretaker and manager perspectives of on-farm euthanasia on swine operations

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.414 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 225-226

Author(s):

Hailey M Simpson ◽

Lily Edwards-Callaway ◽

Catie Cramer ◽

I Noa Roman-Muniz ◽

Elaine N Calaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Critical Role ◽

Health Resources ◽

Well Being ◽

Training Methods ◽

Animal Suffering ◽

Swine Operations ◽

On Farm ◽

Health And Well Being

Abstract Employees on swine operations have the critical role of ensuring animal health and well-being, which sometimes involves performing euthanasia. This study aimed to understand caretaker and manager involvement and perspectives on performing euthanasia on swine farms. Individuals were recruited through online (newsletters and emails to companies) and in-person (e.g. Pig Welfare Symposium, MN) methods in the fall of 2019. The survey consisted of 61 questions on topics related to training, methods of euthanasia, perspectives about euthanasia and knowledge of available mental health resources. Thirty-nine individuals participated in the survey (18 caretakers, 21 managers). Half of respondents (50%, n = 20) indicated that they were involved with making euthanasia decisions. The vast majority of respondents “believe that euthanasia is a humane way to end animal suffering” (95%; n = 36) and that “the euthanasia process on-farm is necessary” (97%; n = 34). A quarter of individuals (25%, n = 9) “feel emotionally upset after euthanizing a pig” and 84% (n = 26) indicated it is “easier to euthanize a pig the more they do it.” Additionally, 92% (n = 35) of respondents agreed that they have “enough experience and knowledge to know when to euthanize a pig.” Most of survey respondents (n = 34) agreed that they “feel as though I can communicate with my supervisors if I feel uncomfortable performing euthanasia” and that their “supervisors aim to promote a safe and encouraging work environment” (n = 38). Despite this, a small number of respondents (n = 6) did not feel “as though my supervisors acknowledge concerns that they may have” and did not feel that their supervisors take “an interest in my professional development and/or job performance.” Overall, data suggest that caretakers and managers understand the importance of euthanasia regarding animal well-being and generally feel they can communicate their concerns.

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