The depletion of primary energy sources and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere necessitate taking action to seek alternative sources, including renewable energy sources. In March 2011, the European Commission issued a new White Paper – "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system" [White Paper; 2011]. The White Paper presents a vision of a competitive and sustainable transport system, ensuring its further growth and mobility while achieving the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% in 2050. The directions of development of motor fuels are mainly determined by the undesirable climate changes that negatively affect the environment, as well as by the constant development of engine designs in order to meet the increasing requirements of environmentalists and users. The modern world has realized that it is facing a serious environmental threat caused by CO2 emissions largely from car transport. Widely understood environmental protection, and also climate protection, requires the use of more eco-friendly engine fuels, which is reflected by European Union Directives and, consequently, in national legislation. A further increase in the share of biofuels and biocomponents in fuels intended for transport is expected, and these will not only be first generation fuels derived from vegetable oil transesterification (VOE) such as the currently commonly used fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fuels derived from the hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats (HVO), but also liquid fuels produced from biomass and bio-waste through thermochemical conversion. Low-temperature properties, and also the presence of biocomponents (FAME) in diesel fuel, which is the source of deposits in the engine and in its fuel system, causing many operational problems, are one of the important quality parameters of fuels intended for supplying diesel engines (ZS). FAME from rapeseed oil, widely used in the European Union as a biofuel for compression-ignition engines, has not, until recently, been suspected of affecting the performance parameters of the final product by the trace substances they contain, such as free sterol glucosides. In 2011, Polish fuel bases signaled the problem of a large amount of greasy deposits in tanks with a mixture of 5% (V/V) FAME in fuel for supplying diesel engines. Large amounts of free sterol glucosides were detected in these sediments using the research methodology developed by the author of this work. In the subject mixtures of commercial fuels and reference materials, relationships between low-temperature parameters such as cloud point CP, cold CFPP filter block temperature, CSFT cold filtration time on the one hand, and the content of FAME trace components from rapeseed oil: free sterol glucosides (FSG) and saturated monoacylglycerols (SMG) on the other hand, were determined. Keywords: low-temperature parameters, biodiesel, diesel fuel, free sterol glucosides
Sitosterol-containing Lipoproteins Trigger Free Sterol-induced Caspase-independent Death in ACAT-competent Macrophages