From topic marker to case marker

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-308
Author(s):  
Dan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linear Path ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Sinitic Languages

Abstract The case model of the syncretic case [xa] in the Gansu-Qinghai area came from non-Sinitic languages, while the phonetic form came from Sinitic languages (“Sinitic languages” are usually called “Chinese dialects” in the Chinese linguistic community). The paper shows that this marker [xa] may come from a topic marker and topic chain markers in Sinitic languages. The accusative/dative marker formation was motivated by pragmatic factors. This phenomenon is also found in other languages. The syncretic use of cases is commonplace in languages across the world, whereas the accusative/dative marker [xa] is one of the prominent features in Sinitic languages in the Gansu-Qinghai area. The accusative/dative case formation did not know an even speed in Sinitic languages. It seems that Wutun and Tangwang evolved rapidly while Linxia and Gangou changed with an intermediate rhythm. Qinghai languages are the closest to Tibetic languages, but paradoxically they seem to be more conservative and do not adopt dative markers in possessor and experiencer constructions which are seen overwhelmingly in Tibetic languages. However, other Sinitic languages have adopted this marking progressively and steadily. The language model of the syncretic marker [xa] is not from a single language. Amdo Tibetan as well as Mongolic languages have contributed to the case formation of [xa] in Sinitic languages. This paper proposes that an Intertwining Model helped the spread of case formation in this zone. Languages of one group or of one language family have influenced each other at different periods. The results of case formation we note today constitute a net-like relationships connected to various languages, but not a neat and linear path.

scholarly journals THE SOUND CORRESPONDENCE OF TEOCHEW, HAKKA, AND CANTONESE

HUMANIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Sherly Novita ◽  
Dwi Widayati ◽  
Bahagia Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
First Language ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
The World ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Historical Comparative

This research is based on a theory in Historical Comparative Linguistics. This theory is also called a diachronic theory, which involves the analysis of the form and regularity of changes in common languages such as those accompanied by sound changes. The objects of the research are Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), and Cantonese (CO) dialects used in Medan city. These three dialects are categorized into the Sino-Tibetan family. Sino-Tibetan (ST) as one of the largest language families in the world, with more first-language speakers than even Indo-Europeans, is having more than 1.1 billion speakers of Sinitic (the Chinese dialects) constitute the world's largest speech community. According to STEDT (Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus), Chinese is considered as a Sino-Tibetan language family. The research method used is the qualitative method. The data collection method and technique used to refer to the conversation method with the techniques of recording and writing. The data were analyzed using the qualitative method of glottochronology. The result of the research shows that TC, HK, and CO were related in terms of sound correspondences and were separated thousands of years ago. TC and HK were related and both corresponded identically one similar vowel, one similar consonant, and one different phoneme, and one similar syllable. TC and CO were related and both corresponded to one similar vowel, one similar vocalic cluster, one similar consonant, and one different phoneme, and one similar syllable. HK and CO were related and both corresponded identically, one similar vowel, one similar consonant, one different phoneme, one different vocalic cluster, and one similar syllable. From all the findings and discussion in this research, the writer has concluded that HK and CO are the closest dialects among the three compared dialects.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHERPA AND NEPALI LANGUAGE ON THE BASIS OF CASE

2020 ◽  
pp. 464-468
Author(s):  
Dawa Sherpa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Case Grammar ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Locative Case ◽  
Linguistic Universal

Sherpa language spoken by Sherpas, the inhabitants of Himalayan region, falls on Tibeto-Burman language family. While comparing the case grammar of Sherpa language and Nepali language both have similarly types of case and case marker (Bibhakti). Sherpa Subjective case takes ki suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [le]. Sherpa objective case takes la suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [lai]. Instrumental case takes ki/gi] suffix as case marker in sherpa and Nepali case takes le/ ba;ta. Dative case take la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [lai]. Ablative case takes tja:su as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ba:ta/ ᵭekhi]. Locative case takes la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ma] and possessive case takes ki as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes[ ro/ no/ ko]. Sherpa language and Nepali language are similar on the basis of case grammar study. The sentence structure in Sherpa language is different from Nepali language. There is no gender system in this language. Verbs are not changed on the basis of number either. SPECIAL WORDS: Tibeto-Burman, Sambhota Script, Kham, tan, Linguistic Universal.

Interpretation of Nonsense as a Method of Children Imagination Development (as exemplified in Carroll L. «Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There»)

2020 ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Rules Of The Game ◽  
Powerful Incentive ◽  
Algorithmic Thinking

The article enlightens the probem of nonsense and its role in the development of creative thinking and fantasy, and the way how the interpretation of nonsense affects children imagination. The function of imagination inherent to a person, and especially to a child, has a powerful potential – to create artificially new metaphorical models, absurd and most incredible situations based on self-amazement. Children are able to measure the properties of unfamiliar objects with the properties of known things. It is not difficult for small researchers to replace incomprehensible meanings with familiar ones; to think over situations, to make analogies, to transfer signs and properties of one object to another. The problem of nonsense research is interesting and relevant. The element of the game is an integral component of nonsense. In the process of playing, children cognize the world, learn to interact with the world, imitating the adults behavior. Imagination and fantasy help the child to invent his own rules of the game, to choose language elements that best suit his ideas. The child uses the learned productive models of the language system to create their own models and their own language, attracting language signs: words, morphs, sentences. Children’s dictionary stimulates word formation and language nomination processes. Nonsense-words are the result of children’s dictionary, speech errors and occazional formations, presented in the form of contamination, phonetic transformations, lexical substitution, implemented on certain models. The first two models are phonetic imitation and hybrid speech, based on the natural language model. The third model of designing nonsense is represented by words that have no meaning at all and can be attributed to words-portmonaie. Due to the flexibility of interframe relationships and the lack of algorithmic thinking, children can not only capture the implicit similarity of objects and phenomena, but also create it through their imagination. Interpretation of nonsense is an effective method of developing imagination in children, because metaphors, nonsense as a means of creating new meanings, modeling new content from fragments of one’s own experience, are a powerful incentive for creative thinking.

scholarly journals A Geographical Overview of Language Family

2017 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Sanjin Grgic
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
English Word ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Variable

Language is a mean of communication among people including speech, writing, and singing. Language is an important factor in geographical diversity. The English word language drives from the Indo-European. Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication. The scientific study of language is called linguistic. Language is a strong element of culture. "Language is a systematic means of communicating ideas and feeling by the use of conventionalized sings, gestures, marks or especially articulate vocal sounds”. At present 5-6, thousands of languages are present in the world. Between them 1200, languages are present in Africa and 600 languages in India. Language provides the single most common variable by which cultural groups are identified. Language provides the main means by which learned customs and skills pass from one generation to the next. Facilitates cultural diffusion of innovations. Because languages vary spatially, they reinforce the sense of region and place. Study of language called linguistic geography and geolinguistics by geographers.

Narrative and the origins of discourse

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 151-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rose
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Functional Language ◽  
Finite Sets ◽  
The South ◽  
Indian Language ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The World ◽  
Discourse Patterns ◽  
Traditional Stories

This paper summarises findings of discourse analyses of traditional stories from eleven language phyla around the world. The aim is a preliminary exploration of relationships amongst diverse languages in patterns of discourse, using a systemic functional language model. Several techniques were developed for managing and displaying the analyses, including translations of the stories, patterns of Theme and participant identities, staging of texts and conjunctive relations between messages, and relations between elements of clauses and between clauses in sequences. These techniques are exemplified with one story from the south Indian language Kodava. Some variations across languages, in strategies for realising these functions are then illustrated. Intriguing commonalities are found in discourse patterns in all the stories, realised by diverse but finite sets of options for grammatical strategies. Finally a map is displayed of relations between discourse features and the discourse systems they realise, and some suggestions are mooted for explaining commonality and diversity.

Recycling through perspective persistence in Monsang (Trans-Himalayan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-77
Author(s):  
Linda Konnerth
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
First Person ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
South Central ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Current Speaker

Abstract In a reported intentionality construction, intentionality is expressed as reported speech/thought (‘s/he says/thinks, <I will go>’). The quoted clause must contain a first person form and refer to the future. Reported intentionality displays perspective persistence and an accompanying apparent form-meaning mismatch, as it structurally marks the speech-act participant perspective of the volitional agent despite idiomatically translating only from the perspective of the current speaker. While this construction has been examined in languages around the world, this is the first treatment for the Trans-Himalayan (or Sino-Tibetan/Tibeto-Burman) language family. Monsang (South-Central; Northeast India) is shown to have a reported intentionality construction of the cross-linguistic type. In addition, there is a desiderative construction in the language that does not display perspective persistence but is argued to reconstruct back to a reported intentionality construction. Further evidence from synchronic and diachronic quotative constructions in Monsang is presented that illustrates the prominence of quotative-derived expressions of intentionality in Monsang verbal morphology.

scholarly journals Estonian

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Liina Asu ◽  
Pire Teras
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Family ◽  
The World

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family and is closely related to Finnish. It has about one million native speakers in Estonia and about 150,000 elsewhere in the world. In phonetics, Estonian is probably best known for its three degrees of contrastive quantity: short (Q1), long (Q2) and overlong (Q3).

scholarly journals التقابل اللغوي بين اللغة العربية و الإنجليزية

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Zulfikri Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Semitic Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Arabic And English

Although Arabic and English comes from a different clumps, Arabic is included in the Semitic language family and still related to the Hebrew language, while English is included in Germanic or better known as Anglo Saxons, but there are also points of similarity between Arabic and English. The comparison between Arabic and English is more famous in the world and interested to discuss in order to facilitate Language Learning. In this article the author discusses the similarities and differences between Arabic and English in terms of pattern or structure of sentence formation

scholarly journals Watá Ka’a pe: aproximaciones acerca de la movilidad, territorio y caminos entre los Awá-Guajá (este amazónico)

2017 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Marcelo Yokoi
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Cultural Reproduction ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The World

<p><strong></strong>An Amazonian indigenous people belonging to the Tupi-Guarani language family, the Awa-Guajá are the great masters of game: life (and death) has the basis for <em>being in the world </em>in the venatory art. Traditionally nomads, without agriculture or horticultural knowledge, they lived in small groups in the interior of the forest, walking through a network of paths (<em>harakwá</em>) which allowed (and still allows) their own social and cultural reproduction. Based on ethnographic literature available, this text, in discussing historical hypotheses about nomadism and exposing the tragic consequences of contact and invasion of their territories, aims to bring elements for us to understand that their paths and hunting activities can be seen as resistance marks of another possible world.</p><p><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2017</p>

scholarly journals Preservation of the Shor Language of the Small People of Kuzbass as a Component of Russian Coal Cluster Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 03027
Author(s):  
Olga Dubrovskaya ◽  
Evgeniya Bondareva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
The World

The Shor are a small indigenous people of Western Siberia. In total, there are 13 thousand representatives of this nation in the world. The ethnos was formed in the 6-9 centuries. Kuzbass – the largest coal cluster in Russia – is a home for a significant part of the Shor population, being the indigenous minority of the region. The development of mining operations (mainly coal and iron ore mining) negatively affects the territory of the Shor people habitation. Therefore, the preservation of their cultural traditions, including the original language, is an important part of the sustainable development of the mining region Kuzbass. The suggested study is based on the Shor language material, which belongs to the Turkic branch of the Altai language family. The purpose of the study is to describe the synthetic type of complex sentences in the Shor language, which is designed to help preserve their culture in the system of sustainable development of Kuzbass.

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